IoT Platforms, Use Cases, Privacy, and Business Models: With Hands-on Examples Based on the VICINITY Platform

231 Pages·2021·6.063 MB·English

by  Carna Zivkovic, Yajuan Guan, Christoph Grimm

Carna Zivkovic
Yajuan Guan
Christoph Grimm  Editors
IoT Platforms,
Use Cases,
Privacy, and
Business Models
With Hands-on Examples Based
on the VICINITY Platform
IoT Platforms, Use Cases, Privacy, and Business
Models
Carna Zivkovic • Yajuan Guan (cid:129) Christoph Grimm
Editors
IoT Platforms, Use Cases,
Privacy, and Business Models
With Hands-on Examples Based
on the VICINITY Platform
Editors
CarnaZivkovic YajuanGuan
DepartmentofComputerScience DepartmentofEnergyTechnology
TUKaiserslautern AalborgUniversity
Kaiserslautern,Germany AalborgØst,Denmark
ChristophGrimm
DepartmentofComputerScience
TUKaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern,Germany
ISBN978-3-030-45315-2 ISBN978-3-030-45316-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45316-9
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021
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Foreword
In providing a definition of the “Internet of Things,” different experts will usually
offerdifferentanswers.Indeed,thetermIoTisratherinexactandhasbeenadopted
asacommontermformanydifferenttechnologies.
Thisbookoffersaneasilyunderstandableexplanationofthefundamentalterms,
providing a solid knowledge base to “nonexpert” readers. On the other hand, it
highlightsseveralhottopicsoftheIoTecosystemsandexplainsthemmoredeeply
andshouldalsoprovideinterestinginformationforIoTprofessionals.
Thus, for example, the book explains the IoT-relevance of European privacy
legislation GDPR, the applicability of homomorphic encryption to preserve users’
privacy,theroleofontologiesandIoTstandardstoachievesemanticinteroperability
of IoT ecosystems, the IoT-specific aspects of digital security, and many other
specificaspects.
Since the authors of this book are from academic, commercial, industrial, and
service-provider domains, they bring a broad range of expertise and practical
knowledge in IoT relevant developments. Moreover, their experience has been
deepenedwhiletheyhavebeenworkingtogetherontheopen-sourceIoTplatform
“VICINITY”for4years.Thankstothis,mostoftheIoTaspectsthatareaddressed
inthisbookaredemonstratedusinghands-onexamplesthatarelinkedwithconcrete
realisticusecases.
Inadditiontothetheoreticalknowledge,thebookcomeswith“hands-oncoding
examples” that allow the reader to kick-start his/her own IoT applications, smart
services,etc.basedonthelateststate-of-the-arttechniqueassistance.
Insummary,thisbookprovidesacoherentsingle-sourceintroductionintotheIoT
andisrecommendedforstudentsorbeginnerswithonlyfragmentedunderstanding
and knowledge on IoT, as well as those who wish to build on their existing
knowledge.
ChiefExecutiveOfficer StefanVanya
BAVENIR,S.R.O.(BVR)
Bratislava,Slovakia
v
Preface
The Internet has been used by humans since decades to retrieve documents. The
Internet of Things (IoT) extends it towards a network, where many different
kinds of machines are networked with each other. Such a “Machine-to-Machine”
communication permits us to establish new services that are able to change our
worldastheynolongerrequirehumaninteraction.
This book has been written to give the reader an overview and a practical
introduction to the IoT. Mastering the IoT requires a domain-crossing under-
standing, from the networked, physical things up to the services and the driving
businessmodels.Thebookprovidesthereaderwithacomprehensiveandconsistent
introduction to all relevant topics. The topics have been carefully chosen to allow
thereadertogetaholisticunderstandingoftheIoT.
The selected topics include IoT platforms, use cases, business models, ontolo-
gies, IoT standards, the European privacy legislation GDPR, security and homo-
morphic encryption, and many other issues. The topics are carefully introduced
and explained. For each topic, the reader gets a theoretical introduction and an
overview. However, the book is not intended to be just a collection of theoretical
knowledge. Where applicable, the theory is backed by brief coding examples. For
thispurpose,weusetheIoTplatformVICINITYthatisopen-source(https://github.
com/vicinityh2020),free,andallowsthereadertoveryquicklysetupitsownIoT
devicesandusecases.
Kaiserslautern,Rhineland-Palatinate,Germany CarnaZivkovic
AalborgØst,Denmark YajuanGuan
Kaiserslautern,Rheinland-Pfalz,Germany ChristophGrimm
vii
Acknowledgments
Thefirstbigthankyou,theauthorswouldliketogive,istotheVICINITYproject
partners.Withoutyouandyourhardworkintheproject,thisbookwouldhavenever
becomeareality.Itwasapleasureworkingwithyouandwearesincerelylooking
forwardtofutureopportunitiesforpartnershipsandcollaborations.
WewouldalsoliketoexpressoursinceregratitudetoourprojectreviewersMirko
Presser and Aleksandra Bukala and project officer Joel Bacquet for the valuable
feedback on the quality of our project work. We truly appreciate your time and
efforttoselflesslyshareyourexperiencewithusandprovideuswithvaluableand
helpful comments that have led to the significant improvement of the VICINITY
IoTplatform.Wearemorethanhappythatwemetyourexpectationsandwetruly
hopethatwewillhaveachancetohaveyouasreviewersinourfutureprojects.
A special thanks goes to the European Commission for ranking the VICINITY
projectproposalasoneofthebest-writtenproposalsandprovidingfundingforits
realizationunderthebiggestresearchandinnovationEUprogram,Horizon2020.
Lastbutnotleast,weareextremelythankfultoSpringer,asourbookpublisher.
A big thank you for doing an excellent job in reviewing and further shaping our
bookandgivingittheopportunitytoseethelightofday.
ix
Contents
1 AnIntroductiontotheInternetofThings................................. 1
JohannesKölsch,CarnaZivkovic,YajuanGuan,andChristophGrimm
2 IoTPlatforms................................................................. 21
MarieMadeleine Uwiringiyimana, Gomathi Nandagopal, Yajuan
Guan,SašoVinkovicˇ,JohannesKölsch,andChristopherHeinz
3 BusinessModelsandUseCasesfortheIoT............................... 51
CarmenPereaEscribano,NataliaTheologou,MatjažLikar,
AthanasiosTryferidis,andDimitriosTzovaras
4 MethodsandToolsforValidationandTesting............................ 81
JohannesKölsch,YajuanGuan,ChristophGrimm
5 OntologiesforIoTSemanticInteroperability ............................ 99
AndreaCimmino,AlbaFernández-Izquierdo,MaríaPoveda-Villalón,
andRaúlGarcía-Castro
6 StandardsfortheIoT........................................................ 125
KeithDickerson,RaúlGarcía-Castro,PeterKostelnik,
andMarekParalicˇ
7 SecurityandTrust ........................................................... 149
ViktorOravec
8 Privacy,GDPR,andHomomorphicEncryption ......................... 165
ChristopherHeinz,NigelWall,AlexanderH.Wansch,
andChristophGrimm
9 MasteringtheIoTwiththeVICINITYPlatform ........................ 185
PeterKostelnik,MariaKoutli,andViktorOravec
Index............................................................................... 223
xi
Chapter 1
An Introduction to the Internet of Things
JohannesKölsch,CarnaZivkovic,YajuanGuan,andChristophGrimm
1 Fromthe WorldWide Web to the InternetofThings
The internet has its roots in the 1980s. At that time, the more and more pop-
ular computer networks allowed users to access documents that were stored on
computers across the world, for example, using the ftp protocol on the internet in
universities.Forprivateuse,commercialbutproprietarynetworkssuchasAmerica
Online(AOL)ortheGermanBildschirmtext(BTX)werepopular.Theproprietary
natureandtheheterogeneityofdocumentsmotivatedtheneedformorestandardised
documentformatsandeasieraccessinthelate1980sandearly1990s:Gopher[1]
wasaninitiallypopularapproachinthatdirection.Gopherintegratedmanyfeatures
suchasgeneratedmenus,formattedtext,andreferences.
Ataroundthesametime,TimBernersLeeworkedtowardsa“WorldWideWeb”
of documents. It was provided to the public for free in April 1993. It included the
“Hypertext Markup Language” (HTML) as well as formatted documents, justlike
weareusingittoday[2].
Technicallytheterm“internet”referstotheunderlyinglower-levelcommunica-
tion protocols described in RFC 790-793 resp. 7323 (2014), and the term WWW
J.Kölsch((cid:2))·C.Zivkovic·C.Grimm
TUKaiserslautern,Kaiserslautern,Germany
e-mail:[e-mail];[e-mail];[e-mail]
Y.Guan
DepartmentofEnergyTechnology,AalborgUniversity,AalborgØst,Denmark
e-mail:[e-mail]
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1
C.Zivkovicetal.(eds.),IoTPlatforms,UseCases,Privacy,andBusinessModels,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45316-9_1
2 J.Kölschetal.
refers to the HTML document format that can be considered an application layer
protocol,hencethecommunicationincludesthefollowinglayers:
(cid:129) Thephysicalconnectionbetweentwopointsisimplementedby,e.g.,Ethernetor
WirelessLocalAreaNetwork(WLAN)(physicalandmediaaccesslayer).
(cid:129) Theterminternetcommonlyreferstothetransportofdatainanetwork,usingthe
protocolsInternetProtocolversion4(IPv4),InternetProtocolversion6(IPv6),
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP)(transport,networklayers).
(cid:129) The term www commonly refers to the application, that is, e.g., Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) resp. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS).
IntheWWWthisisusedtotransportdocumentsintheHTMLformat.
1.1 TheInternetofThings
AtthesametimeastheWWWwasborn,itbecamealsoclearthatnotonlyhumans
are using computers to access some documents: as well all kind of machines can
use the internet to exchange data with each other, and create services. One of the
first examples dates back to 1982, when a Coca Cola machine connected to a
refrigerator via the Internet was able to report if there were cold drinks available
[3]. This was by far not the only example. Mark Weiser described in 1991 [4] the
vision of “ubiquitous computing”, where computers are integrated into devices of
ourdailylifeandarejustperceivedbytheservicestheyprovide—butnotanymore
ascomputers.
The nowadays popular term “Internet of Things”, short IoT, is used today for
thenetworkingofsmartobjectsviatheinternetsothattheseobjectscommunicate
with each other, and provide services without the need for inter-human or human-
to-computer interaction. The term “Internet of Things” has been coined by Kevin
Ashton [5] in 1999 in the context of Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.
TheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)definestheIoTas[6]:
a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by inter-
connecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable
informationandcommunicationtechnologies.
Thenumberofdevicesconnectedtotheinternetandtoeachothercontinuesto
growandaccordingtothelatestforecastfromInternationalDataCorporationwill
reachthevalueof41.6billionin2025[7].AstheconnecteddevicesincomplexIoT
networksarebasedondifferenttechnologiesthefirstquestionthatcouldbeasked
here is How do we make them capable to interact with each other? A number of
IoTplatformsavailableatthemarkettodaytriestoanswerthisquestion.However,
anotherquestionthatariseshereishowtodecidewhatIoTplatformtouseandbe
surethatthisistherightdecision.Thefirststepinthedecisionprocessistolookat
anIoTreferencearchitecturethatallowsustomapittothecapabilitiesofexisting
IoTsolutions,andcouldalsoserveasaguidelinefordevelopingnewproducts.