Involvement and Attitude in Japanese Discourse: Interactive markers

245 Pages·2017·1.739 MB·English

by  Naomi Ogi

Involvement and
Attitude in
Japanese Discourse
Interactive markers
Naomi Ogi
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Involvement and Attitude in Japanese Discourse
Pragmatics & Beyond New Series (P&bns)
issn 0922-842X
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Anita Fetzer Andreas H. Jucker
University of Augsburg University of Zurich
Founding Editors
Jacob L. Mey Herman Parret Jef Verschueren
University of Southern Belgian National Science Belgian National Science
Denmark Foundation, Universities of Foundation,
Louvain and Antwerp University of Antwerp
Editorial Board
Robyn Carston Sachiko Ide Deborah Schiffrin
University College London Japan Women’s University Georgetown University
Thorstein Fretheim Kuniyoshi Kataoka Paul Osamu Takahara
University of Trondheim Aichi University Kobe City University of
Foreign Studies
John C. Heritage Miriam A. Locher
University of California at Los Universität Basel Sandra A. Thompson
Angeles University of California at
Sophia S.A. Marmaridou
Santa Barbara
Susan C. Herring University of Athens
Indiana University Teun A. van Dijk
Srikant Sarangi
Universitat Pompeu Fabra,
Masako K. Hiraga Aalborg University
Barcelona
St. Paul’s (Rikkyo) University
Marina Sbisà
Yunxia Zhu
University of Trieste
The University of Queensland
Volume 272
Involvement and Attitude in Japanese Discourse. Interactive markers
by Naomi Ogi
Involvement and Attitude
in Japanese Discourse
Interactive markers
Naomi Ogi
Australian National University
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam / Philadelphia
TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
8
the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence
of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984.
doi 10.1075/pbns.272
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isbn 987 90 272 5677 5 (Hb)
isbn 978 90 272 6607 1 (e-book)
© 2017 – John Benjamins B.V.
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John Benjamins Publishing Company · https://benjamins.com
Table of contents
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations used in the interlinear gloss xi
chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Focus and aims 1
1.2 Discourse Markers and ‘interactive markers’ 8
1.3 Scope of the study 14
1.4 Methodology 16
1.5 Data and presentation 18
1.6 Organisation of the study 20
chapter 2
Approaches to interactive markers 23
2.1 Syntactical approach 24
2.2 Cognitive approach 27
2.2.1 Information-state-based account 27
2.2.2 Discourse-management-based account 31
2.2.3 Dialogue-coordination-based account 34
2.3 Illocutionary force 37
2.3.1 Insistence-compliance-based account 38
2.3.2 Authority-based account 40
2.4 Interactional approach 42
2.5 Social approach 44
2.5.1 Indexicality-based account 44
2.5.2 Politeness-based account 46
2.6 Summary 47
chapter 3
Involvement, formality and gender in language use 49
3.1 Involvement 49
3.2 Formality 53
3.3 Gender 57
3.4 Summary 65
i Involvement and Attitude in Japanese Discourse
chapter 4
Involvement and the speaker’s attitudes 67
4.1 Involvement and the speaker’s attitudes 67
4.2 Incorporative attitude and monopolistic attitude 72
4.3 Incorporative {ne, na} vs. monopolistic {yo, sa, wa, zo, ze} 78
4.4 Summary 84
chapter 5
Incorporate markers ne and na 87
5.1 Ne 87
5.1.1 Previous studies okn ne 88
5.1.2 The function of ne: Aligning with the hearer 90
5.1.2.1 The crucial use of ne 90
5.1.2.2 The optional use of ne 94
5.1.2.3 The non-sentence-final use of ne 96
5.2 Na 99
5.2.1 Previous studies on na 99
5.2.2 The function of na: Aligning with the hearer 99
5.2.2.1 The crucial use of na 99
5.2.2.2 The optional use of na 101
5.2.2.3 The non-sentence-final use of na 103
5.3 The impossible use of ne and na 104
5.4 The common expressive effects of ne and na and
their use in social contexts 108
5.4.1 Softening vs. strengthening 108
5.4.2 More frequent use in casual conversation 111
5.5 The difference between ne and na 114
5.5.1 Special property of na: Camaraderie 114
5.5.2 Plain form da/ru and na 116
5.5.3 Polite form desu/masu and na 118
5.5.4 Gender and na 121
5.6 Summary 123
chapter 6
Monopolistic markers yo and sa 125
6.1 Yo 125
6.1.1 Previous studies on yo 125
6.1.2 The function of yo: Ensuring the hearer’s understanding 127
6.1.3 The expressive effects of yo and its use in social contexts 132
Table of contents ii
6.2 Sa 138
6.2.1 Relevant facts 138
6.2.2 Previous studies on sa 140
6.2.3 Th e function of sa: Presenting the utterance as a matter
of course for the speaker 141
6.2.4 Th e expressive effects of sa and its use
in social contexts 147
6.3 Summary 150
chapter 7
Monopolistic markers wa, zo and ze 153
7.1 Modal expression daroo/deshoo ‘suppose’ 154
7.2 Wa 158
7.2.1 Relevant facts 158
7.2.2 Previous studies on wa 160
7.2.3 Th e function of wa: Delivering the utterance
in a firm manner 161
7.2.4 Th e expressive effects of wa and its use in
social contexts 166
7.3 Zo 171
7.3.1 Relevant facts 171
7.3.2 Previous studies on zo 173
7.3.3 Th e function of zo: Urging the hearer’s understanding
of an implied message 176
7.3.4 The expressive effects of zo and its use in social contexts 181
7.4 Ze 183
7.4.1 Relevant facts 184
7.4.2 Previous studies on ze 185
7.4.3 Th e function of ze: Enhancing the hearer’s understanding
of the speaker’s belief in sharing 187
7.4.4 The expressive effects of ze and its use in social contexts 192
7.5 Summary 194
chapter 8
Conclusion 197
8.1 Function of each marker 197
8.2 Implications 199
8.2.1 Involvement in spoken discourse 199
8.2.2 Interface between language and culture 200
iii Involvement and Attitude in Japanese Discourse
8.2.3 S ociocultural understanding in the
second/foreign language education 201
8.2.4 Japanese and the expressions of formality and gender 202
8.3 Concluding remarks 203
References 205
Data sources 223
Author index 225
Subject index 229
Acknowledgements
I am indebted to the many people who have given me invaluable assistance through-
out the years. This book could not have been completed without the help, support
and encouragement of my Ph.D. supervisors, colleagues, friends and family.
First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Duck-Young Lee who was
my supervisor at the Australian National University Ph.D. program. He continu-
ally provided me with invaluable intellectual criticism and insightful comments
on my Ph.D. thesis, from which this book was developed. He also took time to
read my earlier manuscript and encouraged me to submit it for publication. With-
out his enormous support and encouragement, this book could not have been
completed. I would also like to thank my two other supervisors, Timothy Hassall
for his constructive suggestions, and Shunichi Ikeda for sharing his expertise in
the Japanese language and giving me helpful advice.
I owe particular thanks to the two anonymous reviewers of my earlier manu-
script for their useful comments and suggestions, and to Samantha Farquhar, Sally
Jones, Aya Horne, Christopher Hennessy and Rohan Curtotti for patiently reading
and editing my earlier manuscript. Without their attention to detail, I would not
have been able to compile this book. I am also extremely grateful to Anita Fetzer,
the series editor, who gave me this wonderful opportunity to publish this book, as
well as to Isja Conen and Susan Hendriks from John Benjamins Publishing Com-
pany for their support during the editing process.
My gratitude also extends to the other staff members of the Japan Centre of
the ANU, Shunichi Ishihara, Carol Hayes, Peter Hendriks, Mark Gibeau and Li
Narangoa for offering me a warm and supportive environment throughout the
writing process of this book. I also wish to thank Tami Sato, Yoko Yonezawa,
Hiroko Golding, Nami Matsumoto, Catherine Hallett, Emi Yoshida, Yuki Itani-
Adams, Masahiro Toma, Shiori Watanabe, Mami Iwashita, Hyunsu Kim and
Akane Narushima, who allowed me to enjoy the delightful experience of team
teaching. I have been very fortunate to work with them, and teaching has always
been a source of energy for me.
I would also like to heartily thank my caring, understanding, and supportive
friends in Australia and Japan: Narah Lee, Adam Croft, Jillian Mowbray-Tsutsumi,
Lee Jnani, Yuney Chan, Yoshimi Ookubo, Chizuru Kobayashi, Ikuyo Kawanishi,
Mika Toda, Ayano Hara, Kumiko Yamaguchi, Mitsuru Kudo, Naoko Kudo, Takeshi