Investigating the Synergy of Integrated Project Delivery and Building Information Modeling in the Conservation of the Architectural Heritage

2018·0.94 MB·English

by  Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs

Contemporary Urban Affairs

2018, Volume 2, Number 3, pages 67– 77

Investigating the Synergy of Integrated Project
Delivery and Building Information Modeling in the
Conservation of the Architectural Heritage

*Dr. BRAHMI BANI FERIEL1, Dr. KITOUNI ILHAM2 and Dr. SASSI BOUDEMAGH SOUAD3
1, 3AVMF laboratory, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Salah Boubnider-Constantine03 University, Constantine, Algeria
2 MISC laboratory, Faculty of New Information and Communication Technologies, Abdelhamid Mehri-Constantine02 University,
Constantine, Algeria
E mail: [email protected] E mail: [email protected] E mail: [email protected]

A R T I C L E I N F O: A B S T R A C T
Article history: Architectural heritage conservation projects are one of the most risky
Received 15 July 2018 and complex projects in the construction industry. Many studies have
Accepted 23 September 2018
reported frequent performance failures in terms of time, cost and
Available online 13 October
2018 quality. To implement a quality management in the conservation
projects and enhance their performance; we propose the adoption of
Keywords: two emerging and innovative approaches: Integrated Project Delivery
Integrated Project
(IPD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM). Through an analysis of
Delivery; Building
literature review (journals, white papers, norms and standards) on the
Information Modeling;
subject, a comprehensive qualitative study in theoretical term has
construction
been carried out to define the potential advantages of the synergy
management;
architectural heritage between the BIM and IPD to face conservation issues and constraints
conservation. through project lifecycle. Finally, we draw some general conclusions,
summarize the implications for practice and set out recommendations
for further research.

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CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018), 2(3), 67-77.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4720

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sensitive approach required various skills and
1. Introduction knowledge; In addition to the risky and
Architectural heritage building is a complex uncertain nature of these projects, their
system that embraces interlinked tangible and fragmented and hierarchical delivering has
intangible values (Attenni et al., 2017). A affected project effectiveness; notably cost
worldwide awareness calls for the conservation
*Corresponding Author:
of cultural heritage to preserve, enhance and
3AVMF laboratory, Faculty of Architecture and Urban
integrate it harmoniously into the
Planning, Salah Boubnider-Constantine03 University,
contemporary living environment; and ensure Constantine, Algeria
the development of cultural tourism (ICOMOS, E-mail address: [email protected]
1999). Conservation project is a complex and
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

overruns and delays which are significantly AIA (2007) indicates that the full potential
higher in heritage conservation projects than in benefits of both IPD and BIM are emphasized
overall public works contracts (Guccio & Rizzo, when they are used together; although it is
2010). possible to achieve IPD without BIM (Kent &
In this context; complex conservation projects Becerik-Gerber, 2010), many studies stated that
require the adoption of emerging and BIM is essential to efficiently achieve the
innovative approaches, it needs more collaboration required for IPD.
sophisticated project management models Despite the complexity of architectural
with flexible contracts to take care of the heritage conservation projects and the
contingencies (Debopam & Satyanarayana, frequent failures of its management within
2017); to enhance communication, traditional delivery methods, there is a total
collaboration and remove obstacles during lack of research concerning the adoption of
project lifecycle. Recently, emerging digital IPD in the conservation sector. In this research
technologies are dealing with digital we intend to highlight theoretically the
document and interconnected Cultural potential benefits of the synergy between the
Heritage information on a variety of delivery BIM and IPD to face conservation issues and
platforms, devices and environments; they are constraints.
changing architectural heritage conservation The rest of paper is structured as follows:
in increasingly profound ways: functionalities, Section 2 introduces some necessary concepts
relationship and roles, to implement a quality and definitions related to the architectural
approach and eliminate weaknesses in current heritage conservation projects and highlights
project delivery systems. related works. Section 3 presents and reviews
In latest years, the BIM field has become a related works to Building Information Modeling.
topic of great interest within the developed Section 4 presents the relationship between
technology and methods notably 3D laser Building Information Modeling and heritage
scanning and photogrammetry which conservation project. Section 5 presents
generating 3D cultural heritage models integrated project delivery and reviews some
(Logothetis et al., 2015; Dore & Murphy, 2012; related works. Section 6 presents the link
Cheng et al., 2015). The power of BIM is their between IPD and BIM and depicts the benefits
ability to integrate different skills, information of the synergy between them. Section 7 is the
throughout the entire project lifecycle core of the paper, it discusses and analyses the
(conceptualization and programming, survey, benefits of an integrated approach for
conservation, exploitation, maintenance). The managing heritage conservation projects
BIM has a limited use by heritage professionals based on the junction of IPD and BIM
around the world (Historic England, 2017; processes. Section 8 concludes the paper and
Arayici et al., 2017); moreover a few academic gives prospects to be continued in the future.
researches explore the BIM added value in the Architectural heritage conservation is a
management of heritage conservation project dynamic intervention aims to bring out the
considering its whole aspects and process. hidden architectural qualities of heritage; to
To turn into BIM in the construction industry is restore its state of conservation and ensure its
obviously a process of change not only in sustainability; it takes place in complex
execution processes but also in functional contexts involving intricate interactions of multi-
capabilities and contractual agreements, it disciplinary fields; including architects,
aims to provide better project delivery solutions engineers, historians, archeologists, chemists,
(Migilinskasa et al., 2013; Hamdi & Leite 2014); environmentalists, geologist, surveyors,
nevertheless the fragment of traditional craftsmen, building economist , structural,
approaches and the fights for individual mechanical and electrical engineers , town
benefits goes against the collaborative planner and other specialists , the involving of
atmosphere for BIM implementation. the building owner or his representative with all
Thus, integrated project delivery emerged as this expertise which demands a high degree of
an innovative approach and relational experience, communication and knowledge of
alternative delivery methods based on building materials and construction improve
collaborative decision making, shared values decision making (Harun, 2011). Unfortunately,
and common goals. It can effectively reduce literature showed that heritage conservation is
inefficiencies and wastes that are embedded fragmented (Azizi et al., 2015 ; Avrami et al.,
in the current design and practices of the 2000; Smith, 2005; Ismail & Azlan, 2010; Perovic
construction industry (AIA, 2007; Kent & Becerik- et al., 2016); and a different organizational
Gerber, 2010; Azhara et al., 2014). cultures and philosophies ranging from

Brahmi Bani Feriel1, Kitouni Ilham and Sassi Boudemagh Souad 68
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

archaeologists/ architect (Kamal, 2008); the Recently, many cases studies have been
developer/ the preserver (Azizi et al., 2015). adopted in research to define the potential
Several authors mentioned that heritage advantages of BIM in construction projects
conservation projects are one of the most risky, covered operational, managerial,
complexes and uncertain within the organizational, and strategic factors. Several
construction industry, they are often reviews are highlighting the multiple potential
confronted by a number of issues which make benefits of using BIM environments for different
management of these projects extremely type of projects, actually the term BIM has
challenging (Azizi et al., 2015). Each given rise to other terms like: Existing Buildings
conservation project is view as a unique and Information Modeling (EBIM); Historic/ Heritage
non-duplicate, involves indeterminate scope, a Building Information Modeling (HBIM); City
large number of variation in quantity of work Information Modeling (CYM); Urban Information
and change orders make during project Modeling (UIM); and Green BIM. In spite of this
execution because of unavailability of evolution, BIM benefits are not really covered;
information about the original structure; and the BIM implementation is still in its formative
pre-existing and unforeseen site and/or stage, and should continue to struggle to
building conditions identified late only once the achieve lifecycle BIM uses (Shou et al., 2015).
work is started (Daoud, 1997; Mckim et al., BIM implementation has concerned different
2000; Mitropoulos & Howell 2002; Zolkafli, 2012; delivery environments, it acted as a catalyst for
Perovic et al., 2016; Roy & Kalidindi, 2017; change, and as a result, it has received
Naaranoja & Uden, 2007). As a result cost significant consideration in manuals,
overruns, delays, level of contingency publications, standards and contracts. Today,
allocation are significantly higher in heritage the construction industry investigates the
conservation projects (Guccio & Rizzo, 2010; synergy between new approaches and BIM to
Reyers & Mansfield, 2001). bring other additional benefits of the
Conservation legislation for historic buildings is technology and supporting its implementation;
not specific and inflexible. Numerous such as Lean (Sacks et al, 2010; Eastman et al.
researchers highlighted that conservation work 2010); Agile method (Tomek & Kalinichuk,
suffers because of unskilled personnel and 2015), integrated project delivery (AIA
limited technical knowledge due to the lack of California council, 2007).
documents and guidelines that defines the
purpose of these projects and reflects upon the 2. Building Information Modeling in heritage
processes or a methodological recipe for conservation project
managing it. (Azizi, 2015; Azizia et al., 2016; The BIM technology generates a new evolution
Barbosa et al., 2016; Worthing & Dann, 2000). of integrated and efficient information
management for the conservation process due
1. Building Information Modeling to its attitude to store semantic inter-related
The Building Information Modeling is defined as information, on favoring the dissemination of
a set of interrelating policies, processes and the intangible values of the building during its
technologies that generate a systematic life cycle (Garagnani & Manferdini, 2013;
approach for managing the critical information Brumana et al., 2017; Angelini et al., 2017). The
within a digital model, it enables all project latest years, Numerous studies proposed a
participants to collaborate more accurately methodology for linking together Heritage-BIM
and efficiently than traditional processes and different digital technologies and
forming a reliable basis for decisions throughout simulation notably laser scanning and
the life cycle of a building (Succar,2009; Azhar photogrammetry, for the presentation, analysis
et al., 2012; NBIMS,2007). The first theoretical and document the complicated structures
approache of BIM is mainly the 3D modeling remotely, efficiently and precisely contrary with
using a computer tool; the term “Building preceding survey techniques (Logothetis et al.,
Information Model” was used by Eastman for 2015; Dore & Murphy, 2012; Cheng et al., 2015,
the first time in 1975. Later, the concept of 4D- Gigrliarelli et al., 2017). Zhao (2017) considered
modelling (3D + time factor) appeared in laser scanning as hot topics related to BIM
research discussion of Rischmoller et al, (2000) research. It can be used to capture dense 3D
and the vision for the 3D to nD project was measurements of a facility's as-built condition
defined by Lee et al. in 2002 to integrate and the resulting point cloud can be manually
prototyping platform for the construction and processed to create an as-built BIM; Historic
engineering industries. However BIM was England (2017) defined Historic BIM as “a multi-
adopted in pilot project even mid-2000. disciplinary process that requires the input and

Brahmi Bani Feriel1, Kitouni Ilham and Sassi Boudemagh Souad 69
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(3), 67-77 / 2018

collaboration of professionals with very different agreement between a minimum of the owner,
skillsets”. Having access to an as-built heritage designer or engineer, and builder; it defines the
building facilitates interpretation of the nature connection point between subsystems and
of building, monitor its changes and document negotiates their interfaces; IPD is a
each investigation and intervention activity in convergence of opportunities brought about
the proposed model, it ensuring the availability, by technology and business process
accessibility, consistency, coordination and innovation, it requires a cultural and
coherence of all the knowledge related to a organizational change within new roles and
historical/archaeological artifact; which competencies for achieving project purposes
supporting the make interventions decisions. In in a collaborative environment over the
(Simeone et al., 2014, Cheng et al., 2015) individual interest of each one, in an effort to
authors argued that the identification of mitigate risk (Autodesk, 2008; Taylor et al., 2012;
emergency situations, the scheduling of Neve et al., 2017; El-adaway et al., 2017).
intervention activities and the planning of Neve et al. (2017) perceived IPD as a Virtual
routine management and maintenance Enterprise Paradigm on incorporating the five
artifact increase the productivity, profitability elements of integrating an IPD project
and accuracy of a project. identified through the researches of Kim &
The application of BIM in conservation has Dossick (2011) and Fischer et al. (2017), i.e.
given rise to other terms: Historic Building contract, culture, organization, lean
Information Modeling, Heritage Building construction and BIM, which interrelate and
Information Modeling, HBIM, BIM for heritage enhance one another’s effectiveness. IPD is not
and BIM for historic buildings, they have been a ‘one-size-fit-all’ approach, different IPD
used almost interchangeably (Historic England, integration levels are demonstrated, certain
2017). characteristics of a particular project or
The initial development of BIM in conservation delivery model such as legislative restrictions,
project can be referred to the existing BIM policy limitations or cultural barriers may affect
experience from the building industry. The the level of integration that can be achieved
benefits of BIM for managing heritage (AIA 2007; Yee et al., 2017; NASFA et al., 2010;
conservation projects are not currently Sive & Hays, 2009; Burcin Becerik et al., 2010).
covered; a few published prototypes with Many researchers highlighted the advantages
limited use reports the significantly different of IPD method through different case studies,
requirements of BIM in these project (Angelini analyzed for lessons learned and shortcomings
et al., 2017; Simeone et al., 2014; Arayici et al., of the current IPD practices and adoption;
2017; Historic England, 2017). Although there is a large unexploited potential
of IPD integration and its adoption is still limited
3. Integrated Project Delivery and in its beginning (Yee et al., 2017; Shou et
As the construction industry has become more al., 2015; Azhar, 2014), more evidence needs to
complex, specialized, and uncertain, be searched to prove the fully adopt IPD as a
traditional project delivery methods become project delivery method (Yee et al., 2017; Kent
inefficient and litigious (Azhara et al., 2014; El & Becerik-Gerber, 2010).
adaway et al., 2017). Integrated project
delivery emerges as a solution of the critical 4. Building Information Modeling and
need of alternative relational contracts for Integrated Project Delivery
reducing current inefficiencies and wastes of Much of BIM and IPD researches are indicating
the construction industry and makes it more the several links and the benefits of their
predictable, accurate and responsible synergy. BIM is mentioned in almost all of the
outcomes (Matthews et al., 2003; Kent & documents that discuss IPD; they point that
Becerik-Gerber, 2010; Azhara et al., 2014). integrated projects can greatly benefit from
Numerous published articles, reports, and white BIM implantation. However, IPD is suggested by
papers discuss the differences between researchers as the best project management
traditional project delivery and IPD to help method to leverage BIM functionalities.
owners choosing appropriately for their
projects. The traditional systems are 6.1 The IPD joined to BIM
hierarchical and fragmented, based classically As mentioned above, the organizational
on transactional bilateral agreement; focus on changes required by BIM to implement it
sub-optimization of project participants, a effectively are restricted by current contractual
limited cooperation and innovation. In arrangements. The IPD seems to be a delivery
contrast, IPD is a relational multiparty method that could most effectively facilitate

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the adoption of BIM in construction project. The the project team on managing the
IPD team reaches a clear understanding conservation of architectural heritage.
regarding BIM and leverages the tool’s
capabilities; the IPD contracts is one of the 7.1 The conceptualization and the
most effective ways to deal with BIM technical programming phase:
and legal risks (AIA, 2007; Kent & Becerik- Starting from the beginning of the project, the
Gerber, 2010; Azhar, 2011). While BIM is used early involved key participants through a Multi-
the most on IPD projects to a high level of Party Contract Agreement may define and
sophistication, BIM or advanced information synchronize earlier participant roles and
technology applications are not a prerequisite responsibilities, jointly developed and validated
for IPD, nevertheless BIM is one of the key projects objectives and obtain more inputs. The
factors to accomplish effectively the subcontractors and heritage consultants can
integration required in one database to be brought into the IPD agreement by flow-
achieve better decision-making during the IPD through provisions in their respective
project lifecycle (Kent & Becerik-Gerber, 2010; agreements with the contractor and the
Xie & Liu, 2017); moreover, it can present an conservator architect, or can be included in
important role to leverage the potential the IPD agreement by “joining agreement”
advantages of Lean principals (Sacks et al., amendments. In this phase, Laser scanners can
2010; & Eastman et al., 2010), and adds major be used to create an as-built BIM; a primary
value for IPD public owners in the exploitation investigation for the building is established to
phase (NASFA et al., 2010). determine its values, problems, define goals
and choose the appropriate type of
6.2 The potential advantages of the synergy intervention depending on its condition. If the
BIM/IPD building is severely damaged, an emergency
The successfully implementation of BIM / IPD protection system is considered in the modeling
system is a mechanism for involving all key building/site. Preventive measures have to be
participants for optimal results (AIA, 2007; Ilozor designed before the initiation of restoration
& Kelly, 2012), the instruction of participants works in order to prevent further damages and
over their roles and responsibilities takes an enhance safety conditions during the process
important place to successfully implement of examination and have to be applied by the
these two innovative approaches (Shendkar & contractor earlier by implementing lean tools.
Patil, 2017); it could significantly increase a The schedule and budget will be estimated
collaborative supply chain management based on organization’s business case and
(Khalfan et al., 2015); enhancing proper may be linked to the BIM Model to enable
communication, collaboration among rapid assessment of intervention decisions. The
stakeholder, reduces the confusion between IPD contract must respect the specific
them, supporting decision making process; conservation funding and guidelines, identify
therefore assuring cost and time optimization the appropriate organizational and business
(Ilozor & Kelly, 2012; Shendkar & Patil, 2017); models, consider interests and seek
reduce the risk of design errors and omissions involvement of selected third parties, such as
(Xie & Liu, 2017). Even though, many building official(s), local heritage field
researches identify the need to verify this organizations, associations of the protection of
synergy through quantitative studies and in the cultural heritage, and other stakeholders. It
different type of project. may identify key communication
methodologies, materials, tools and
5. Discussion and analyses technologies; such laser scanning and
Project complexity is one of the key photogrammetry; plan the implementation of
characteristics that should be considered in the BIM and facing interoperability issues (protocols
selection of the appropriate project delivery and standards, BIM management plan, etc.).
strategy by an organization; the complexity of Key provisions, regarding compensation,
conservation projects which are obligation and risk allocation which are due to
pluridisciplinary, uncertain and risky may uncertainties and unforeseen conditions,
achieving the benefits of deep collaboration should be clearly defined and should
generated by the BIM environment and IPD encourage trust, open communication and
contract. This section discusses and investigates collaboration.
the benefits of using BIM in conjunction with IPD
to provide solutions to the problems faced by

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7.2 The survey phase: depend on needs of specific projects and
Professionals from different expertise and participants; clients or end-users are engaged
interests involve earlier at the appropriate time in simultaneous reviews of different scenarios,
in this phase which is the key point of the due to the digital representation they can
conservation project to establish a detailed more easily identify conflicts between their
survey with great sensitivity, a global and requirements and the proposed systems will
detailed approach to the building starts to provide. The selected alternative may has both
identify its problems, so as to preserve and minimum effects on heritage values and is most
valorize the rare qualities of the buildings efficient; this is arguably more important in the
materials, architecture and craftsmanship. The case of significant historic assets, where any
contract may contain specifics sections about change in the historic fabric must be carefully
responsibilities, material and technologies used considered and justified, the broad experience
in the building examination. The 3D model of the diverse team benefits target value
generated by the 3D laser scanner involves a design.
hybrid approach to visualization of A BIM database that integrates all existing
heterogeneous datasets; due to its structural, construction interface-related information of
physical, historical and cultural complexity subsystems (interface events, interface
including tangible and intangible values; descriptions, and interface conditions) defined
through a reverse engineering and analysis of by the collaborative work, and makes
existing verification and validation of the design more
conditions; each investigation are efficient with an automated clash-checking to
documented in the as-built BIM, where a solve interface problems, thereby eliminating
massive quantity and stores semantic inter- unnecessary mistakes and delay at site.
related information are represented as well as Visualization of building model is tied to cost
external documents, it integrates of geometric and schedule models, they are better informed
and non-geometric datasets (historic due to collaborative approach, to perform
information, photographs and drawings, based clash detection in addition to the
legacy data, geospatial geophysics and traditional static clash detection, and
remotely sensed data, etc.) commitments to them are more firm to allow
visualization of deviations from planned
7.3 The design phase: sequences and earned values.
During the design phase, an interdisciplinary All these approaches provide an opportunity to
collaboration/integration between the fields, perform precisely and efficiently the
arts, and technologies of conservation environmental performance analyses and
generates and evaluates various design sustainability-enhancement measures on
alternatives at an early stage using integration delivering modeling protocols contributing
platforms; the BIM model allows to test guideline and specification to support the LCM
scenarios for analysis of virtual proposed across time and reduce life cycle cost of
interventions and determine what the team will operating heritage building; in addition, the
accomplish, simplify the task of understanding team work provides an opportunity to share
designs to help client deal with this complex knowledge, embrace learning for the repair
product and a conservation code regulations and maintenance of historic architecture and
will be incorporated into the design process. traditional techniques and augment cultural
Intervention decisions are made at an early consciousness.
stages where informed decisions have the
greatest effect focusing on “best for project” 7.4 The construction phase:
basis, In IPD the team develop a commitment During construction phase, construction
to the overall project, not just to their individual administration will be primarily a quality control
component, based on open, direct, and and cost monitoring function, unlike traditional
honest communication, ideas are judged on project where issues are addressed and
their merits, not on the author’s role or status; solutions achieved to actual real-life problems;
which reduce the differences between because of the higher intensity of preceding
engineers/architects, phases where an efficient information
archaeologists/architects, developers/ management has provided between the
preservers; and augmented opportunities for involved participants and conflicts have been
innovation and improvement; however, resolved virtually; it enables a better
detailed decision process and ultimate understanding of design intent so RFIs are fewer
authority of the participants varies significantly required during the intervention stage. The BIM

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model maybe used to augment, manage and the process; a complete building information
enhance the RFI process, less office model will be integrated into the building
construction administration effort is required operating system and provided to the owner
because submittals have already been for their long term use, the BIMFM system allows
integrated into the model; enable more facility staffs effectively to identify, track,
strategic use of prefabricated materials and coordinate, and access facility maintenance
systems to speed construction, less waste and work in the 3D environment and used for asset
injuries because work is being performed in a management. However the interoperability
controlled environment and more material is provides a potential for interfacing with other
factory generated, in addition, modeling the enterprise systems such as CMMS, CAFM.
site environment after a collaborative reviews The 3D virtual heritage model opens a wide
between parties before starting work helps spectrum of further applications (sharing for
plan logistics, assure good access and egress, education, research, entertainment, tourism
and gain control of public protection risks. purposes, etc.); in addition offers a way to
Communication between professionals and transmit knowledge about heritage places to
craftsmen and general laborers enhance future generations.
understanding of scope of work; nevertheless,
the fact that scope definition is often uncertain, 8. Conclusion
inaccurate and new information surfaced This paper has presented a broad overview of
during the process of restoration works may the potential advantages of the
affect the original restoration decisions implementation of integrated project delivery
necessitates the continuum of emergency as a delivery method and the implementation
measures even during the application process. of building information modeling in heritage
In IPD project Work can be organized in small conservation projects. The successfully
batches to reduce variability and increase the implementation of BIM / IPD system can deliver
reliability of planning and scheduling of work; efficiency conservation projects and enhance
BIM advantages presented on an adjusted its performance. It is a mechanism for involving
model based on “as built” conditions, all key participants for optimal results where
automated quantity take off which is linked to integrate different skills, information and various
the BIM model improves flow by reducing stages throughout the entire lifecycle of the
variability and ensures that the quantities are conservation project (conceptualization and
always accurate when changing the design at programming, survey, conservation,
a later stage; the online access helps to bring exploitation, maintenance) to involves the
the most up-to-date design information to the sharing of data-rich 3D models among
work face. stakeholder, reduces the confusion between
In traditional approach, each party minimizes them, enhancing proper communication,
their own risk, and most of risks are usually collaboration, and supporting decision making
transferred to the contractor in most cases; IPD process, minimizing risks, and uncertainties,
contracts combine the risks of all team therefore assuring cost and time optimization
members. Contractual provisions in the IPD on eliminating wastes. It is expected that this
agreement regarding liability waivers paper could contribute some benefits to the
motivated to seek solutions to the increased owners to choose the appropriately method
risks and uncertainties problems in conservation and process to achieving a conservation
operation rather than assigning blame; project of heritage building. Further research is
increase communication and creativity; required to discuss the feasibility and the
reduce litigation costs and limit unnecessary practicability of related concepts to
contingencies; in addition the division of successfully implement BIM / IPD in
project contingency into many smaller architectural heritage conservation projects;
allocations impairs effective contingency notably, how certain characteristics of such
management. particular project may affect the level of
integration that can be achieved, and what
7.5 The exploitation phase: adds to a standard BIM and IPD contract in this
After the intervention is completed, the BIM context. It recommended to proven the theory
model can be used to compare actual to by implementing it on some projects.
planned performance; it will be the basis for Moreover; it is necessary to identify the
the monitoring, management and routine potential synergy BIM /IPD in each type of
maintenance of the building. The IPD team conservation project separately.
brings more facility management expertise into

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