Introduction to the Smart Grid: Concepts, Technologies and Evolution

300 Pages·2017·4.738 MB·English

by  S.K. Salman

IETENERGY ENGINEERING SERIES 94
Introduction to the
Smart Grid
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor)
Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith
Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms
Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney
Volume10 SF6SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones
Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies
Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.HauschildandW.Mosch
Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors)
Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman
Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie
Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood
Volume19 ElectricalSafety:AguidetocausesandpreventionofhazardsJ.MaxwellAdams
Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.LakerviandE.J.Holmes
Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.EkwueandR.Aggarwal(Editors)
Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker
Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith
Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal.
Volume27 AC–DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith
Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga
Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y.-H.Song(Editor)
Volume31 EmbeddedgenerationN.Jenkinsetal.
Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor)
Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse
Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal.
Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley
Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cellcarsM.Westbrook
Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.ArrillagaandN.Watson
Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne
Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker
Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn
Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustryH.Khatib
Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller
Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart
Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.GersandE.Holmes
Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing
Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery
Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:ConnectionandsystemoperationalaspectsB.Foxetal.
Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach
Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood
Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystemEquipmentR.E.JamesandQ.Su
Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood
Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,J.PenmanandH.Sedding
Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEditionB.Drury
Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller
Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray
Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian
Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers
Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor)
Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate
Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers
Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry,3rdEditionH.Khatib
Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:PracticalissuesindesignandimplementationM.Castilla(Editor)
Volume73 WideAreaMonitoring,ProtectionandControlSystems:TheenablerforSmarterGridsA.Vaccaroand
A.Zobaa(Editors)
Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:FrontiersandapplicationsA.M.Trzynadlowski(Editor)
Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor)
Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolB.OmP.Malik
Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamicsA.Ametani(Editor)
Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.LuandJ.Hossain(Editors)
Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPowerEngineeringSiddharthSuryanarayanan,
RobinRocheandTimothyM.Hansen(Editors)
Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou,D.WangandY.Yang
Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysisF.Milano(Editor)
Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromSmartMeteringtotheSmartGridH.Sun,N.Hatziargyriou,H.V.Poor,L.Carpanini
andM.A.Sa´nchezFornie´(Editors)
Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile,F.Dalena,J.Tong,T.N.Vezirog˘lu
(Editors)
Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,AnalysisandOptimizationM.A.Rosenand
S.Koohi-Fayegh
Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGridS.M.MuyeenandS.Rahman(Editors)
Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.ReddyandD.K.Mohanta(Editors)
Volume100 ModelingandDynamicBehaviourofHydropowerPlantsN.KishorandJ.Fraile-Ardanuy(Editors)
Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandDavidS.-K.Ting
Volume905 Powersystemprotection,4volumes
Introduction to the
Smart Grid
Concepts, Technologies and Evolution
Salman K. Salman
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2017
Firstpublished2017
ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright
Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch
orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin
thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued
bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose
termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress:
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
MichaelFaradayHouse
SixHillsWay,Stevenage
Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom
www.theiet.org
Whiletheauthorandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis
workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking
useofthem.Neithertheauthornorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany
lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror
omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliabilityis
disclaimed.
Themoralrightsoftheauthortobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhavebeen
assertedbyhiminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-78561-119-3(hardback)
ISBN978-1-78561-120-9(PDF)
TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited
PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon
Contents
AbouttheAuthor xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xxi
Terminologiesandabbreviations xxiii
1 Introductionto the SmartGrid concept 1
1.1 Background and history of Smart Gridevolution 1
1.2 Definition of the Smart Grid 3
1.3 Characteristics of the Smart Grid 5
1.4 Smart Gridbenefits 9
1.5 Smart Gridvision and its realization 10
1.5.1 Definition of Smart Grid vision 10
1.5.2 The IEEE Computer Society Smart Grid Vision 11
1.6 Examples of Smart Gridprojects/initiatives 13
1.6.1 USSmart Grid efforts 13
1.6.2 European Smart Grid efforts 15
1.6.3 China’s Smart Gridefforts 18
1.7 Summary 20
References 20
2 Smart Grid versus conventional electrical networks 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Conventional electrical networks 25
2.2.1 Infrastructure of conventional electrical networks 25
2.2.2 Main characteristics of conventional electrical networks 26
2.3 Motives behind developing the Smart Gridconcept 26
2.3.1 Aging of conventional electrical networks coupled with
the emergence of new applications 27
2.3.2 Political and environmental factors 27
2.3.3 Liberalization of electricity market (economic factors) 28
2.3.4 Motivation and inclusion of customers 28
2.4 Comparison between Smart Grid and conventional electrical
networks 28
2.5 Evolution of Smart Gridconcept 28
2.5.1 Characteristics of Smart Gridas defined byEU and
USSmart Grid visions 29
2.5.2 Advanced metering infrastructure 32
vi SmartGrid:concepts, technologies andevolution
2.6 Anoverviewof the Smart Grid infrastructure 40
2.7 Summary 40
References 41
3 SmartGrid infrastructure 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Composition of the Smart Grid 46
3.2.1 Composition of Smart Grid based on standards
adaptation 46
3.2.2 Composition of Smart Grid based on technical
components’perspective 47
3.2.3 Composition of Smart Grid based on technical
perspective 51
3.2.4 Composition of Smart Grid based on conceptual
reference model perspective 52
3.3 Basic components of Smart Gridand its technical infrastructure 56
3.3.1 Basic components of Smart Grid 56
3.3.2 Smart Grid infrastructure 58
3.4 Summary 60
References 60
4 SmartGrid interoperability standards 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Analogy between the interoperability of a digitally based
device and human interoperability 63
4.2.1 Definition 63
4.3 Cyber interoperability standards 64
4.3.1 Aim of interoperability standards 64
4.3.2 Type and characteristics of interoperability standards
for Smart Grid 65
4.4 Interoperability standards development organizations 65
4.5 Electrical power industry standards development
organizations (SDOs)and key interoperability standards 66
4.5.1 The International Electrotechnical Commission 66
4.5.2 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 66
4.5.3 Internet Engineering Task Force 67
4.5.4 American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI) 68
4.5.5 National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) 69
4.5.6 North American Electric ReliabilityCorporation (NERC) 70
4.5.7 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 70
4.5.8 German Standards Institute DIN
(Deutsches Institut fu¨rNormung) 71
4.6 Usersgroups and collaborative efforts within the power
industry 71
4.6.1 UCAInternational UsersGroup 71
Contents vii
4.6.2 National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
(NRECA)’sMultiSpeak 72
4.6.3 Cigre´ 72
4.6.4 GridWiseTMAlliance 72
4.6.5 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)’s IntelliGrid
program 73
4.6.6 Vendor collaborations 74
4.6.7 Utility StandardsBoard 76
4.7 Summary 77
References 77
5 Smart Grid communication systemandits cyber security 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Classification of power system communication according
to their functional requirements 81
5.2.1 Real-time operational communication systems 81
5.2.2 Administrative operational communication systems 82
5.2.3 Administrative communication systems 83
5.3 Existing electric power system communication infrastructure
and its limitation 83
5.4 Smart Gridcommunication system infrastructure 86
5.4.1 Fundamental functions of the Smart Grid communication
infrastructure 87
5.4.2 Architecture of Smart Grid communication infrastructure 87
5.4.3 Smart Gridcommunication infrastructure challenges 87
5.4.4 Standardization efforts by industry 88
5.5 Cyber security of power systems 89
5.5.1 Basic definitions 89
5.5.2 Security of power systems and cyber attacks 90
5.5.3 Smart Gridcyber security 91
5.6 Summary 99
References 99
6 International standardIEC61850 anditsapplication
to SmartGrid 103
6.1 Introduction and historical background 103
6.2 Aim and objectives of IEC 61850 105
6.3 The structure of IEC 61850 105
6.4 The process bus 107
6.4.1 Practical implementation of the process bus 108
6.5 Merging unit 109
6.6 Comprehensive modeling approach of IEC 61850 110
6.7 Mapping process approach of IEC 61850 to protocols 114
6.8 IEC 61850 substation configuration language 115
6.9 IEC 61850 substation architecture 116
viii SmartGrid: concepts, technologies and evolution
6.10 Smart Grids and IEC 61850 117
6.10.1 Example of Smart Grid demonstration projects
usingIEC 61850 118
6.11 Summary 119
References 119
7 Power system protection underSmart Grid environment 121
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 Protection prior to the Smart Gridera 122
7.3 Protection systems under Smart Gridenvironment 122
7.3.1 Operating concepts of Smart Gridprotection relays 122
7.3.2 Fault circuit indicator 123
7.4 Smart Grid communication infrastructure that suits protection
requirements 125
7.5 Smart Grid requires smarter protection 126
7.6 Architecture of Smart Grid protection system 128
7.7 Examples ondevelopment of smart adaptive protection
systems 131
7.7.1 Smart adaptive protection for microgrids 132
7.7.2 Adaptive protection for smart distribution networks 135
7.8 Protection system architecture based on IEC 61850 137
7.8.1 Traditional practices 138
7.8.2 New opportunities offered by the introduction
of IEC 61850 standard 138
7.9 Summary 140
References 140
8 Application of Smart Grid conceptto distributionnetworks 143
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Smart distribution networksversusconventional distribution
networks 143
8.3 Why distribution networksneed to be smart? 144
8.4 Basic building blocks of a smart distribution network 144
8.4.1 Agents 145
8.4.2 Characteristics of agents 145
8.4.3 PowerMatch 146
8.4.4 E-terra trade 146
8.4.5 E-terra control 146
8.5 Evolvement of distribution networksinto Smart Grids 147
8.5.1 Flexible Electricity Networks to Integrate the
eXpected Energy Evolution (FENIX) 147
8.5.2 Active Distribution network with full integration
of Demand and distributed energy RESourceS
(ADDRESS) 152
8.6 Summary 159
References 160
Contents ix
9 Smart Grid enables the integration of electric vehicles 163
9.1 Introduction 163
9.2 Types of electric drive vehicle 164
9.3 Benefits of transportation electrifications 165
9.4 The driving factors toward transportation electrification 165
9.5 Challenges to EV adoption 166
9.5.1 Challenges faced by customers 166
9.5.2 Challenges faced by utilities 167
9.6 Types of EV chargingsystems 169
9.6.1 L1 ACcharging systems 169
9.6.2 L2 ACcharging systems 169
9.6.3 L3 DCCharging stations 169
9.7 Smart Gridenables smart charging 170
9.7.1 Robust, reliable, and secure connectivity 170
9.7.2 Integration of EV charging infrastructure into demand
side management (DSM)system 170
9.7.3 Provision of distributed intelligence 171
9.7.4 Provision of a separate meter at the EVSE integrated
into AMI 171
9.7.5 Integration of EV charging infrastructure into
DRsystem 171
9.7.6 Integration of EV charging infrastructure
into distributed automation (DA)system 172
9.7.7 Coordination with renewable energy-based generation 172
9.8 Load management of EVsusingSmart-Grid technologies 172
9.8.1 The difference EVsmake to electricityload 172
9.8.2 Optimizing schedulingof EV chargingusing
Smart-Gridtechnologies 172
9.8.3 EVscan help in meeting peak load 173
9.8.4 Management of intermittent renewable energy-based
generation usingEVs 173
9.8.5 Effect of regulation, electricitypricing business
models for EVschargingstations onload
management of EVs 174
9.9 Flexibility of electric vehicles and their integration
into Smart Grid 175
9.9.1 Definition of flexibilityin relation to EV 176
9.9.2 Componentsrelated to EV-Smart-Grid integration 177
9.9.3 Management of the flexibility provided by EVs
stored energy 180
9.10 Coordination of multiple plug-in electric vehicle charging
in Smart Gridsusingreal-time smart load management
(RT-SLM) algorithm 181
9.10.1 Background and assumptions 182
9.10.2 RL-SLM coordination algorithm 184