Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering

398 Pages·2004·1.6 MB·English

Introduction to Telecommunications
Network Engineering
SecondEdition
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Introduction to Telecommunications
Network Engineering
SecondEdition
Tarmo Anttalainen
Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Anttalainen,Tarmo.
Introductiontotelecommunicationsnetworkengineering/TarmoAnttalainen.—2nded.
p. cm.—(ArtechHousetelecommunicationslibrary)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-58053-500-3(alk.paper)
1.Telecommunicationsystems. I.Title. II.Series
TK5105.A55 2003
004.6—dc21 2002044067
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Anttalainen,Tarmo
Introductiontotelecommunicationsnetworkengineering.—2nded.
(ArtechHousetelecommunicationslibrary)
1.Telecommunicationsystems 2.Telecommunicationsystems—Handbooks,manu-
als,etc.
I.Title
621.3’82
ISBN1-58053-500-3
CoverdesignbyGaryRagaglia
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InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-500-3
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2002044067
10987654321
Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
1 IntroductiontoTelecommunications 1
1.1 WhatIsTelecommunications? 1
1.2 SignificanceofTelecommunications 1
1.3 HistoricalPerspective 3
1.4 Standardization 7
1.5 StandardsOrganizations 9
1.5.1 InterestedParties 10
1.5.2 NationalStandardizationAuthorities 11
1.5.3 EuropeanOrganizations 11
1.5.4 AmericanOrganizations 12
1.5.5 GlobalOrganizations 13
1.5.6 OtherOrganizations 14
1.6 DevelopmentoftheTelecommunicationsBusiness 15
v
vi IntroductiontoTelecommunicationsNetworkEngineering
1.7 ProblemsandReviewQuestions 17
References 17
2 TheTelecommunicationsNetwork:AnOverview 19
2.1 BasicTelecommunicationsNetwork 19
2.1.1 Transmission 20
2.1.2 Switching 20
2.1.3 Signaling 21
2.2 OperationofaConventionalTelephone 22
2.2.1 Microphone 22
2.2.2 Earphone 23
2.2.3 SignalingFunctions 23
2.3 SignalingtotheExchangefromtheTelephone 24
2.3.1 SetupandReleaseofaCall 24
2.3.2 RotaryDialing 25
2.3.3 ToneDialing 26
2.3.4 LocalLoopand2W/4WCircuits 28
2.5 TelephoneNumbering 30
2.5.1 InternationalPrefix 31
2.5.2 CountryCode 31
2.5.3 TrunkCode,TrunkPrefix,orAreaCode 32
2.5.4 SubscriberNumber 32
2.5.5 OperatorNumbers 32
2.6 SwitchingandSignaling 33
2.6.1 TelephoneExchange 33
2.6.2 Signaling 34
2.6.3 SwitchingHierarchy 37
2.6.4 TelephoneCallRouting 38
2.7 Local-AccessNetwork 41
2.7.1 LocalExchange 42
2.7.2 DistributionFrames 43
2.8 TrunkNetwork 45
Contents vii
2.9 InternationalNetwork 46
2.10 TelecommunicationsNetworks 47
2.10.1 PublicNetworks 47
2.10.2 PrivateorDedicatedNetworks 51
2.10.3 VirtualPrivateNetworks 52
2.10.4 INs 53
2.10.5 PublicSwitchedTelecommunications
NetworkToday 56
2.11 NetworkManagement 58
2.11.1 Introduction 59
2.11.2 WhoManagesNetworks? 59
2.11.3 DCN 61
2.11.4 TMN 62
2.12 TrafficEngineering 65
2.12.1 GradeofService 65
2.12.2 BusyHour 66
2.12.3 TrafficIntensityandtheErlang 67
2.12.4 ProbabilityofBlocking 67
2.13 ProblemsandReviewQuestions 72
References 75
3 SignalsCarriedovertheNetwork 77
3.1 TypesofInformationandTheirRequirements 77
3.2 Simplex,Half-Duplex,andFull-Duplex
Communication 80
3.3 FrequencyandBandwidth 81
3.3.1 Frequency 82
3.3.2 Bandwidth 83
3.4 AnalogandDigitalSignalsandSystems 85
3.4.1 AnalogandDigitalSignals 85
3.4.2 AdvantagesofDigitalTechnology 86
3.4.3 ExamplesofMessages 88
viii IntroductiontoTelecommunicationsNetworkEngineering
3.5 AnalogSignalsoverDigitalNetworks 91
3.6 PCM 92
3.6.1 Sampling 92
3.6.2 Quantizing 96
3.6.3 QuantizingNoise 97
3.6.4 NonuniformQuantizing 99
3.6.5 CompandingAlgorithmsandPerformance 101
3.6.6 BinaryCoding 103
3.6.7 PCMEncoderandDecoder 105
3.7 OtherSpeech-CodingMethods 106
3.7.1 AdaptivePCM(APCM) 108
3.7.2 DifferentialPCM(DPCM) 108
3.7.3 DM 109
3.7.4 AdaptiveDPCM(ADPCM) 110
3.7.5 SpeechCodingofGSM 112
3.7.6 SummaryofSpeech-CodingMethods 113
3.8 PowerLevelsofSignalsandDecibels 115
3.8.1 Decibel,Gain,andLoss 115
3.8.2 PowerLevels 116
3.8.3 DigitalMilliwatt 118
3.9 ProblemsandReviewQuestions 119
References 124
4 Transmission 125
4.1 BasicConceptofaTransmissionSystem 125
4.1.1 ElementsofaTransmissionSystem 125
4.1.2 SignalsandSpectra 127
4.2 RadioTransmission 129
4.2.1 CWModulationMethods 129
4.2.2 AM 129
4.2.3 FM 133
4.2.4 PM 135
4.2.5 AllocationoftheElectromagneticSpectrum 138
Contents ix
4.2.6 Free-SpaceLossofRadioWaves 141
4.2.7 Antennas 143
4.3 MaximumDataRateofaTransmissionChannel 144
4.3.1 SymbolRate(BaudRate)andBandwidth 144
4.3.2 SymbolRateandBitRate 146
4.3.3 MaximumCapacityofaTransmissionChannel 148
4.4 Coding 151
4.4.1 PurposeofLineCoding 152
4.4.2 SpectrumofCommonLineCodes 153
4.5 Regeneration 155
4.6 Multiplexing 158
4.6.1 Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing(FDM)
andTDM 158
4.6.2 PCMFrameStructure 159
4.6.3 PlesiochronousTransmissionHierarchy 164
4.6.4 SDHandSONET 166
4.7 TransmissionMedia 170
4.7.1 CopperCables 170
4.7.2 OpticalFiberCables 172
4.7.3 RadioTransmission 175
4.7.4 SatelliteTransmission 175
4.8 TransmissionEquipmentintheNetwork 176
4.8.1 Modems 177
4.8.2 TerminalMultiplexers 177
4.8.3 Add/DropMultiplexers 177
4.8.4 DigitalCross-ConnectSystems 178
4.8.5 RegeneratorsorIntermediateRepeaters 178
4.8.6 OpticalLineSystems 178
4.8.7 WDM 179
4.8.8 OpticalAmplifiers 181
4.8.9 MicrowaveRelaySystems 182
4.9 ProblemsandReviewQuestions 183
References 187