Table Of Content

Introduction to Sociology 3e SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS TONJA R. CONERLY, SAN JACINTO COLLEGE KATHLEEN HOLMES, NORTHERN ESSEX COMMUNITY COLLEGE ASHA LAL TAMANG, MINNEAPOLIS COMMUNITY AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE & NORTH HENNEPIN COMMUNITY COLLEGE OpenStax Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org. Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website. ©2021 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Under this license, any user of this textbook or the textbook contents herein must provide proper attribution as follows: - If you redistribute this textbook in a digital format (including but not limited to PDF and HTML), then you must retain on every page the following attribution: “Access for free at openstax.org.” - If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: “Access for free at openstax.org.” - If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format page view (including but not limited to PDF and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following attribution: “Access for free at openstax.org.” - If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, please include https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-sociology-3e in your citation. For questions regarding this licensing, please contact [email protected]. Trademarks The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo, OpenStax Tutor name, Openstax Tutor logo, Connexions name, Connexions logo, Rice University name, and Rice University logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. HARDCOVER BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-711493-98-5 PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-951693-37-4 B&W PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-711493-97-8 DIGITAL VERSION ISBN-13 978-1-951693-36-7 ORIGINAL PUBLICATION YEAR 2021 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MJ 21 OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, peer-reviewed, openly licensed textbooks for introductory college and Advanced Placement® courses and low-cost, personalized courseware that helps students learn. A nonprofit ed tech initiative based at Rice University, we’re committed to helping students access the tools they need to complete their courses and meet their educational goals. RICE UNIVERSITY OpenStax, OpenStax CNX, and OpenStax Tutor are initiatives of Rice University. As a leading research university with a distinctive commitment to undergraduate education, Rice University aspires to path-breaking research, unsurpassed teaching, and contributions to the betterment of our world. It seeks to fulfill this mission by cultivating a diverse community of learning and discovery that produces leaders across the spectrum of human endeavor. PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT OpenStax is grateful for the generous philanthropic partners who advance our mission to improve educational access and learning for everyone. To see the impact of our supporter community and our most updated list of partners, please visit openstax.org/impact. Arnold Ventures The Maxfield Foundation Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Burt and Deedee McMurtry Chegg, Inc. Michelson 20MM Foundation Arthur and Carlyse Ciocca Charitable Foundation National Science Foundation Digital Promise The Open Society Foundations Ann and John Doerr Jumee Yhu and David E. Park III Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Brian D. Patterson USA-International Foundation Girard Foundation The Bill and Stephanie Sick Fund Google Inc. Steven L. Smith & Diana T. Go The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Stand Together The Hewlett-Packard Company Robin and Sandy Stuart Foundation Intel Inc. The Stuart Family Foundation Rusty and John Jaggers Tammy and Guillermo Treviño The Calvin K. Kazanjian Economics Foundation Valhalla Charitable Foundation Charles Koch Foundation White Star Education Foundation Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Inc. Study where you want, what you want, when you want. When you access your book in our web view, you can use our new online highlighting and note-taking features to create your own study guides. Our books are free and flexible, forever. Get started at openstax.org/details/books/introduction-sociology-3e Access. The future of education. openstax.org CONTENTS Preface 1 CHAPTER1 An Introduction to Sociology 7 Introduction 7 1.1What Is Sociology? 8 1.2The History of Sociology 10 1.3Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 17 1.4Why Study Sociology? 23 Key Terms 26 Section Summary 27 Section Quiz 27 Short Answer 29 Further Research 30 References 30 CHAPTER2 Sociological Research 35 Introduction 35 2.1Approaches to Sociological Research 36 2.2Research Methods 40 2.3Ethical Concerns 53 Key Terms 56 Section Summary 57 Section Quiz 58 Short Answer 60 Further Research 61 References 61 CHAPTER3 Culture 65 Introduction 65 3.1What Is Culture? 66 3.2Elements of Culture 73 3.3High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change 80 3.4Theoretical Perspectives on Culture 84 Key Terms 87 Section Summary 88 Section Quiz 89 Short Answer 92 Further Research 93 References 93 CHAPTER4 Society and Social Interaction 97 Introduction 97 4.1Types of Societies 98 4.2Theoretical Perspectives on Society 103 4.3Social Constructions of Reality 109 Key Terms 114 Section Summary 114 Section Quiz 115 Short Answer 117 Further Research 117 References 118 CHAPTER5 Socialization 119 Introduction 119 5.1Theories of Self-Development 121 5.2Why Socialization Matters 124 5.3Agents of Socialization 127 5.4Socialization Across the Life Course 133 Key Terms 138 Section Summary 138 Section Quiz 139 Short Answer 141 Further Research 142 References 142 CHAPTER6 Groups and Organization 147 Introduction 147 6.1Types of Groups 148 6.2Group Size and Structure 153 6.3Formal Organizations 159 Key Terms 164 Section Summary 165 Section Quiz 165 Short Answer 168 Further Research 169 References 169 CHAPTER7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control 173 Introduction 173 7.1Deviance and Control 174 7.2Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime 178 7.3Crime and the Law 186 Key Terms 193 Section Summary 194 Section Quiz 194 Short Answer 196 Further Research 197 References 197 Access for free at openstax.org. CHAPTER8 Media and Technology 201 Introduction 201 8.1Technology Today 202 8.2Media and Technology in Society 207 8.3Global Implications of Media and Technology 214 8.4Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology 219 Key Terms 224 Section Summary 224 Section Quiz 225 Short Answer 228 Further Research 229 References 229 CHAPTER9 Social Stratification in the United States 235 Introduction 235 9.1What Is Social Stratification? 236 9.2Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States 242 9.3Global Stratification and Inequality 249 9.4Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification 251 Key Terms 255 Section Summary 255 Section Quiz 256 Short Answer 258 Further Research 259 References 260 CHAPTER10 Global Inequality 263 Introduction 263 10.1Global Stratification and Classification 264 10.2Global Wealth and Poverty 271 10.3Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification 278 Key Terms 280 Section Summary 280 Section Quiz 281 Short Answer 283 Further Research 284 References 284 CHAPTER11 Race and Ethnicity 289 Introduction 289 11.1Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups 290 11.2Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity 294 11.3Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 296 11.4Intergroup Relationships 301 11.5Race and Ethnicity in the United States 305 Key Terms 319 Section Summary 319 Section Quiz 320 Short Answer 323 Further Research 323 References 324 CHAPTER12 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality 329 Introduction 329 12.1Sex, Gender, Identity, and Expression 330 12.2Gender and Gender Inequality 341 12.3Sexuality 351 Key Terms 356 Section Summary 356 Section Quiz 357 Short Answer 359 Further Research 360 References 360 CHAPTER13 Aging and the Elderly 367 Introduction 367 13.1Who Are the Elderly? Aging in Society 368 13.2The Process of Aging 377 13.3Challenges Facing the Elderly 385 13.4Theoretical Perspectives on Aging 390 Key Terms 397 Section Summary 398 Section Quiz 398 Short Answer 401 Further Research 402 References 402 CHAPTER14 Relationships, Marriage, and Family 409 Introduction 409 14.1What Is Marriage? What Is a Family? 410 14.2Variations in Family Life 416 14.3Challenges Families Face 422 Key Terms 430 Section Summary 430 Section Quiz 431 Short Answer 433 Further Research 433 References 434 CHAPTER15 Religion 441 Introduction 441 15.1The Sociological Approach to Religion 442 15.2World Religions 448 15.3Religion in the United States 455 Access for free at openstax.org.