Table Of Content

Introduction to Rocket Science and Space Exploration The growing demand of space services for imaging, mobile communication, global positioning systems and disaster management, life extension of satellites by fueling, space station operations, deflecting incoming asteroids, and reducing debris from orbits, requires reusable rockets. The chapters in the book cover understanding of the universe, history of rockets, space missions, satellites, the principle of rocketry, its design and development, rocket technology, the solar system, the environment and protection of earth, and thoughts on Earth 2.0. Features: • Explores the link between the universe, space exploration, and rocketry. • Discusses topics such as protection of the Earth from asteroids, debris, and global warming. • Includes basic methodology to be adopted to design rockets for various applications. • Covers use of multi-objective optimisation to realise a system and differences in design philosophies for satellite launch. • Examines material on environmental protection of the Earth. This book is aimed at senior undergraduates and professionals in aerospace engineering. Introduction to Rocket Science and Space Exploration A. Sivathanu Pillai Designed cover image: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle is the workhorse rocket of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), for injecting 1000 kg class earth observation and navigation satellites in near earth or polar orbits. More than 50 successful launches have taken place from Sriharikota Satish Dhawan Space Centre. First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 A. Sivathanu Pillai Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www. copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-1-032-34697-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-34698-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-32339-6 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003323396 Typeset in Times by MPS Limited, Dehradun Dedication This book is dedicated to my three great teachers, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, Prof. Satish Dhawan, and Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, and to all those space pioneers and technologists of the world. Contents About the Author.....................................................................................................xv Foreword................................................................................................................xvii Preface.....................................................................................................................xix Acknowledgements.................................................................................................xxi Chapter 1 Introduction..........................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Origin of the Universe........................................................................3 Verse from the Ancient India.............................................................3 Hindu Puranas......................................................................................5 Great Indian Saints (Scientists)...........................................................6 Emerging New Scientific Thoughts on the Universe.........................8 General Theory of Relativity......................................................9 Einstein’s Equations..................................................................10 Proving Einstein’s Theory.........................................................12 Proved Einstein’s Theories........................................................12 Gravitational Lensing................................................................13 Gravitational Waves..................................................................13 Cosmology.................................................................................13 Big Bang Theory.......................................................................14 CERN – Finding the GOD Particle..........................................14 Universe after BIG BANG........................................................15 The Redshift – Our Expanding Universe.................................16 Fundamental Physical Forces....................................................17 Gravity.......................................................................................18 Electromagnetic Force...............................................................18 The Weak Nuclear Force..........................................................19 The Strong Nuclear Force.........................................................19 Unifying Nature.........................................................................19 Braneworld.................................................................................20 Muons................................................................................................20 String Theory.............................................................................20 Stellar Evolution – Lifecycle of a Star.....................................21 Black Hole.................................................................................22 Dark Energy and Dark Matter..................................................25 What the Universe Is Made Of..........................................25 Dark Energy...............................................................................25 Background to Dark Energy..............................................26 Burst of Supernova....................................................................26 The Dynamics of Universe – It Will Never Shrink.................28 vii viii Contents New Dimension.........................................................................28 Dark Matter................................................................................28 Multi-Universe...........................................................................30 Milkyway and Solar System.............................................................31 Solar System and Planets..................................................................32 KEPLER’S LAWS – Orbits of Planets....................................32 The Blue Dot – The Earth........................................................34 Origin of Earth..................................................................................35 Life on Earth..............................................................................37 Future of Earth..................................................................................39 Exoplanets..........................................................................................40 Data to Remember.............................................................................40 Chapter 3 Brief History of Rockets...................................................................41 Early Understanding..........................................................................41 Chinese Fire Arrows..................................................................42 First Metal Rockets from India.........................................................42 Birth of Modern Rocketry.................................................................44 Pioneer of Cosmonautics: Equation..........................................44 Early Rocket Designs................................................................44 Tsiolkovsky, the Father of Astronautics...........................................45 Tsiolkovsky’s Rocket Equation................................................45 Robert H Goddard (1882–1945).......................................................47 Hermann Oberth (1894–1989)..........................................................49 Space Odyssey...................................................................................51 Orbiting Satellite........................................................................51 Yuri Gagarin..............................................................................53 Man on Moon....................................................................................54 Space Shuttle.....................................................................................55 Space Stations....................................................................................55 China’s Tiangong Space Station.......................................................56 Satellites in Brief (Details in Separate Chapter)..............................56 Earth Observation Satellites......................................................56 Communication, Navigation......................................................56 Satellite Launch Vehicles..........................................................57 ISRO..................................................................................................57 Launch Vehicles of the World..........................................................58 World Rockets at a Glance...............................................................61 Chapter 4 Rocket Principles...............................................................................63 What Is a Rocket? Basic Rocket Science........................................63 Principle.............................................................................................63 Newton’s Laws of Motion................................................................65 Newton’s First Law – “The Law of Inertia”............................65 Newton’s Second Law – “F = ma”..........................................66 Contents ix Newton’s Third Law – “The Law of Action and Reaction”...68 Forces on a Rocket during Initial Flight..........................................68 Centre of Gravity and Centre of Pressure................................69 The Rocket Equation.........................................................................70 Thrust of Rocket........................................................................70 Acceleration...............................................................................72 Total Impulse.............................................................................73 Specific Impulse........................................................................73 Incremental Velocity – The Ideal Rocket Equation (ref. NASA)..................................................................................74 Valid Assumptions for an Ideal Rocket............................77 Staging/Multistage Rockets...............................................................78 Chapter 5 Rocket Systems Development..........................................................81 Rocket Subsystems and Components...............................................81 Propulsion..........................................................................................83 Solid Propellant Rocket.............................................................83 Large Solid Propellant Booster.................................................83 Burn Rate...................................................................................85 Liquid Propellant Rockets.........................................................87 Pressure-Fed System...........................................................88 Types of Liquid Propulsion......................................................89 Cryogenic Rocket Engines (LOX +LH2).........................................90 Semi-cryogenic Rocket Engines...............................................92 ISRO Semi-cryogenic Engine (SCE-200)................................93 Liquid Ramjet Propulsion.................................................................96 Supersonic-Combustion Ramjet (Scramjet)..............................98 Scramjet Research.....................................................................99 Mach Number vs. Specific Impulse................................................100 Re-usability of Booster............................................................100 Structure...........................................................................................101 Mass Fraction..................................................................................101 Materials..........................................................................................103 Upper Stages....................................................................................104 Casing for Liquid Propellant Stages...............................................105 Aluminam-Lithium Casing for Falcon 9 (2010)....................105 Control System................................................................................105 Types of Control......................................................................106 Different Types of Controls............................................................107 Control for PSLV Type LV....................................................109 Satellite Attitude Control................................................................109 Flex Nozzle..............................................................................109 Navigation and Guidance................................................................110 Function...........................................................................................111 Inertial Guidance System................................................................111