Introduction to RF power amplifier design and simulation

450 Pages·2016·17.58 MB·English

by  Eroglu

I n t r o d u c t i o n t o
RF Power Amplifier
Design Simulation
and

I n t r o d u c t i o n t o
RF Power Amplifier
Design Simulation
and
Abdullah Eroglu
INDIANA UNIVERSITY–PURDUE UNIVERSITY
FORT WAYNE, IN, USA

Boca Raton London New York
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Dedicated to my sons, Duhan and Enes, and daughter Dilem

Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................xv
Author ....................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Radio Frequency Amplifier Basics.......................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 RF Amplifier Terminology ........................................................5
1.2.1 Gain ..............................................................................5
1.2.2 Efficiency ......................................................................8
1.2.3 Power Output Capability ..............................................9
1.2.4 Linearity .......................................................................9
1.2.5 1-dB Compression Point .............................................10
1.3 Small-Signal vs. Large-Signal Characteristics ........................11
1.3.1 Harmonic Distortion ..................................................12
1.3.2 Intermodulation ..........................................................15
1.4 RF Amplifier Classifications ...................................................25
1.4.1 Conventional Amplifiers—Classes A, B, and C ........29
1.4.1.1 Class A ........................................................33
1.4.1.2 Class B ........................................................34
1.4.1.3 Class AB .....................................................36
1.4.1.4 Class C ........................................................36
1.4.2 Switch-Mode Amplifiers—Classes D, E, and F ........37
1.4.2.1 Class D ........................................................38
1.4.2.2 Class E ........................................................40
1.4.2.3 Class DE .....................................................41
1.4.2.4 Class F ........................................................42
1.4.2.5 Class S ........................................................45
1.5 High-Power RF Amplifier Design Techniques ........................45
1.5.1 Push–Pull Amplifier Configuration ...........................47
1.5.2 Parallel Transistor Configuration ...............................47
1.5.3 PA Module Combiners ...............................................49
1.6 RF Power Transistors ..............................................................50
1.7 CAD Tools in RF Amplifier Design ........................................51
References ..........................................................................................59
Chapter 2 Radio Frequency Power Transistors ...................................................61
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................61
2.2 High-Frequency Model for MOSFETs ....................................61
vii
viii Contents
2.3 Use of Simulation to Obtain Internal Capacitances
of MOSFETs ............................................................................71
2.3.1 Finding C with PSpice .............................................71
iss
2.3.2 Finding C and C with PSpice ...............................72
oss rss
2.4 Transient Characteristics of MOSFET ....................................75
2.4.1 During Turn-On .........................................................75
2.4.2 During Turn-Off .........................................................79
2.5 Losses for MOSFET ................................................................83
2.6 Thermal Characteristics of MOSFETs ....................................84
2.7 Safe Operating Area for MOSFETs ........................................87
2.8 MOSFET Gate Threshold and Plateau Voltage .......................88
References ..........................................................................................91
Chapter 3 Transistor Modeling and Simulation ..................................................93
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................93
3.2 Network Parameters ................................................................93
3.2.1 Z-Impedance Parameters ...........................................93
3.2.2 Y-Admittance Parameters ...........................................94
3.2.3 ABCD-Parameters ......................................................95
3.2.4 h-Hybrid Parameters ..................................................96
3.3 Network Connections ............................................................103
3.3.1 MATLAB® Implementation of Network Parameters ...111
3.4 S-Scattering Parameters ........................................................123
3.4.1 One-Port Network ....................................................123
3.4.2 N-Port Network ........................................................125
3.4.3 Normalized Scattering Parameters ..........................130
3.5 Measurement of S Parameters ...............................................143
3.5.1 Measurement of S Parameters for a Two-Port
Network ....................................................................143
3.5.2 Measurement of S Parameters for a Three-Port
Network ....................................................................145

3.5.3 Design and Calibration Methods for
Measurement of Transistor Scattering Parameters ...148
3.5.3.1 Design of SOLT Test Fixtures Using
Grounded Coplanar Waveguide Structure ...151
3.6 Chain Scattering Parameters .................................................165
3.7 Systematizing RF Amplifier Design by Network Analysis ...169
3.8 Extraction of Parasitics for MOSFET Devices ......................174
3.8.1 De-Embedding Techniques ......................................183
3.8.2 De-Embedding Technique with Static Approach .....186
3.8.3 De-Embedding Technique with Real-Time
Approach ..................................................................187
References ........................................................................................194
Contents ix
Chapter 4 Resonator Networks for Amplifiers..................................................197
4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................197
4.2 Parallel and Series Resonant Networks .................................197
4.2.1 Parallel Resonance ...................................................197
4.2.2 Series Resonance ......................................................205
4.3 Practical Resonances with Loss, Loading, and Coupling
Effects ....................................................................................209
4.3.1 Component Resonances ...........................................209
4.3.2 Parallel LC Networks ...............................................216
4.3.2.1 Parallel LC Networks with Ideal
Components ..............................................216
4.3.2.2 Parallel LC Networks with Non-Ideal
Components ..............................................219
4.3.2.3 Loading Effects on Parallel LC Networks ...220
4.3.2.4 LC Network Transformations ...................223
4.3.2.5 LC Network with Series Loss ...................228
4.4 Coupling of Resonators .........................................................229
4.5 LC Resonators as Impedance Transformers..........................234
4.5.1 Inductive Load ..........................................................234
4.5.2 Capacitive Load ........................................................235
4.6 Tapped Resonators as Impedance Transformers ...................239
4.6.1 Tapped-C Impedance Transformer ..........................239
4.6.2 Tapped-L Impedance Transformer ...........................244
Reference ..........................................................................................260
Chapter 5 Impedance Matching Networks .......................................................261
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................261
5.2 Transmission Lines ................................................................261
5.2.1 Limiting Cases for Transmission Lines ...................266
5.2.2 Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines.................268
5.2.3 Special Cases of Terminated Transmission Lines ...274
5.3 Smith Chart ...........................................................................276
5.3.1 Input Impedance Determination with Smith Chart ...282
5.3.2 Smith Chart as an Admittance Chart .......................285
5.3.3 ZY Smith Chart and Its Application .........................287
5.4 Impedance Matching between Transmission Lines and
Load Impedances ..................................................................289
5.5 Single-Stub Tuning ................................................................292
5.5.1 Shunt Single-Stub Tuning ........................................292
5.5.2 Series Single-Stub Tuning ........................................294
5.6 Impedance Transformation and Matching between
Source and Load Impedances ...............................................296
5.7 Signal Flow Graphs ...............................................................299
Reference ..........................................................................................305
x Contents
Chapter 6 Couplers, Multistate Reflectometers, and RF Power Sensors
for Amplifiers ...................................................................................307
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................307
6.2 Directional Couplers ..............................................................307
6.2.1 Microstrip Directional Couplers ..............................310
6.2.1.1 Two-Line Microstrip Directional
Couplers ....................................................310
6.2.1.2 Three-Line Microstrip Directional
Couplers ....................................................316
6.2.2 Multilayer Planar Directional Couplers ...................320
6.2.3 Transformer-Coupled Directional Couplers .............323
6.2.3.1 Four-Port Directional Coupler Design
and Implementation ..................................325
6.2.3.2 Six-Port Directional Coupler Design
and Implementation ..................................327
6.3 Multistate Reflectometers ......................................................342
6.3.1 Multistate Reflectometer Based on Four-Port
Network and Variable Attenuator.............................343
6.4 RF Power Sensors ..................................................................347
References ........................................................................................352
Chapter 7 Filter Design for RF Power Amplifiers ............................................355
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................355
7.2 Filter Design by Insertion Loss Method ................................357
7.2.1 Low Pass Filters .......................................................357
7.2.1.1 Binomial Filter Response .........................358
7.2.1.2 Chebyshev Filter Response .......................361
7.2.2 High-Pass Filters ......................................................368
7.2.3 Bandpass Filters .......................................................368
7.2.4 Bandstop Filters ........................................................369
7.3 Stepped-Impedance LPFs ......................................................370
7.4 Stepped-Impedance Resonator BPFs ....................................374
7.5 Edge/Parallel-Coupled, Half-Wavelength Resonator BPFs ...377
7.6 End-Coupled, Capacitive Gap, Half-Wavelength
Resonator BPFs......................................................................387
References ........................................................................................398
Chapter 8 Computer Aided Design Tools for Amplifier Design
and Implementation ..........................................................................399
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................399
8.2 Passive Component Design and Modeling with CAD—
Combiners ..............................................................................401
8.2.1 Analysis Phase for Combiners .................................401