Introduction to research in education PDF
Preview Introduction to research in education
96745_fm_ptg01.indd 2 22/09/12 2:29 PM Introduction to research in Education Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 1 22/09/12 2:29 PM Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 2 22/09/12 2:29 PM EDitiON 9 Introduction to research in Education DONALD ARY LUCY CHESER JACOBS CHRiStiNE K. SORENSEN DAviD A. WALKER Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 3 22/09/12 2:29 PM TThhiiss iiss aann eelleeccttrroonniicc vveerrssiioonn ooff tthhee pprriinntt tteexxttbbooookk.. 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FFoorr vvaalluuaabbllee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn oonn pprriicciinngg,, pprreevviioouuss eeddiittiioonnss,, cchhaannggeess ttoo ccuurrrreenntt eeddiittiioonnss,, aanndd aalltteerrnnaattee ffoorrmmaattss,, pplleeaassee vviissiitt wwwwww..cceennggaaggee..ccoomm//hhiigghheerreedd ttoo sseeaarrcchh bbyy IISSBBNN##,, aauutthhoorr,, ttiittllee,, oorr kkeeyywwoorrdd ffoorr mmaatteerriiaallss iinn yyoouurr aarreeaass ooff iinntteerreesstt.. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 2 22/09/12 2:29 PM Introduction to Research in Education, © 2014, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Ninth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Donald Ary herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by Lucy Cheser Jacobs any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to Christine K. Sorensen photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, David A. Walker information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except Editor-in-Chief: Linda Ganster as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Executive Editor: Mark Kerr Managing Development Editor: Lisa Mafrici For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Developmental Editor: Genevieve Allen Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Brand Manager: Melissa Larmon For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Senior Market Development Manager: Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Kara Kindstrom [email protected] Content Project Manager: Samen Iqbal Art Director: Jennifer Wahi Library of Congress Control Number: 2012948124 Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke Student Edition: Rights Acquisitions Specialist: ISBN-13: 978-1-133-59674-5 Production Service: Teresa Christie, MPS Photo Researcher: Sheeja Mohan, ISBN-10: 1-133-59674-6 PreMedia Global Loose-leaf Edition: Text Researcher: Melissa Tomaselli, PreMedia Global ISBN-13: 978-1-133-94111-8 Copy Editor: Michael Ryder ISBN-10: 1-133-94111-7 Text Designer: Patti Hudepohl Cover Designer: Jeff Bane Wadsworth Cover Image: 86809542 © Getty Images 10 Davis Drive Compositor: MPS Limited Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 4 24/09/12 6:51 PM To Donald Ary, our friend and colleague. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 5 22/09/12 2:29 PM Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 6 22/09/12 2:29 PM Contents Preface xix Part One SummAry 21 Foundations Key Concepts 22 Exercises 22 Answers 23 Chapter 1 References 23 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry 1 reSeArch in the puBlic eye 14 InstruCtIonal objeCtIves 1 Chapter 2 SourceS of Knowledge 2 Research Approaches in Education 24 Experience 2 InstruCtIonal objeCtIves 24 Authority 2 Deductive Reasoning 4 QuAntitAtive reSeArch 28 Inductive Reasoning 5 Experimental Research 28 The Scientific Approach 7 Nonexperimental Research 29 An Example of the Scientific Approach 8 QuAlitAtive reSeArch 32 Basic Interpretative Studies 32 other ASpectS of Science 12 Case Studies 32 Assumptions Made by Scientists 12 Content Analysis 32 Attitudes Expected of Scientists 13 Ethnography 33 Formulation of Scientific Theory 15 Grounded Theory 33 Purposes of Theories 16 Historical Research 33 Criteria for Theories 16 Narrative Inquiry 34 Limitations Of The Scientific Approach Phenomenonological Studies 34 In The Social Sciences 18 SimilAritieS AcroSS QuAntitAtive Complexity of Subject Matter 18 And QuAlitAtive reSeArch 34 Difficulties in Observation 19 Difficulties in Replication 19 typicAl StAgeS in reSeArch 35 Interaction of Observer and Subjects 19 QueStionS thAt educAtionAl Difficulties in Control 19 reSeArcherS ASK 37 Problems of Measurement 20 Theoretical Questions 37 Practical Questions 37 the nAture of reSeArch 20 Educational Research 20 BASic And Applied reSeArch 38 vii Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 7 24/09/12 6:37 PM viii contents Language of ReseaRch 39 Chapter 4 Constructs 39 Reviewing the Literature 67 Constitutive Definition 39 InstRuCtIonal oBjeCtIves 67 Operational Definition 39 Variables 40 The RoLe of ReLaTed LITeRaTuRe Types of Variables 41 In QuanTITaTIve ReseaRch 68 Constants 42 The RoLe of ReLaTed LITeRaTuRe summaRy 43 In QuaLITaTIve and mIxed meThods Key Concepts 44 ReseaRch 69 Exercises 44 Answers 45 effIcIenT LocaTIon References 46 of ReLaTed LITeRaTuRe 70 Indexing and Abstracting Databases 71 ReseaRch In The PuBLIc eye 43 ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) 71 Using the ERIC System 72 Other Education-Focused Part Two Periodical Indexes 73 Research Background Other Useful Databases 75 Citation Indexes 75 Chapter 3 Tests in Print and Mental Measurements Yearbook 78 The Research Problem 47 Statistical Sources 78 InstRuCtIonal oBjeCtIves 47 Government Publications 79 Dissertationas and Theses (formerly souRces of PRoBLems 48 Proqueset Digital Dissertations) 80 Experience 49 Aggregate Databases 80 Theories 49 Professional Development Collection 80 Choosing a Theory 50 Academic Search Premier Related Literature 52 and Academic Search Complete 80 Reviews of Research 53 Web of Knowledge 81 Noneducation Sources 54 JSTOR 81 Qualitative Research Problems 54 Google Scholar 81 WorldCat 81 evaLuaTIng The PRoBLem 55 DISCOVERY TOOLS 82 sTaTIng The ReseaRch PRoBLem 58 The necessITy of masTeRIng The Problem Statement onLIne daTaBase seaRchIng 82 in Quantitative Research 58 The Problem Statement fRee ResouRces on The InTeRneT 83 in Qualitative Research 59 Evaluating Internet Sources 84 Authority 84 IdenTIfyIng PoPuLaTIon Accuracy 85 and vaRIaBLes 59 Timeliness 85 Online Journals 85 summaRy 63 Key Concepts 64 oRganIzIng The ReLaTed LITeRaTuRe 85 Exercises 64 Answers 65 summaRy 87 References 66 Key Concepts 88 Exercises 88 ReseaRch In The PuBLIc eye 51 Answers 88 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 96745_fm_ptg01.indd 8 24/09/12 6:37 PM
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