Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior

770 Pages·2012·56.918 MB·English

by  Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer

111333
EDITION Introduction
to Psychology
GATEWAYS TO MIND AND BEHAVIOR
Dennis Coon
John O. Mitterer
Brock University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind © 2013, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
and Behavior, Thirteenth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may
Dennis Coon / John O. Mitterer
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Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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To the many instructors and students who have used various editions
of this book, all the way up to lucky thirteen. We offer our heartfelt
thanks for the trust you have put in us.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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iv Preface
About the Authors
Dr. Dennis Coon
is the author of Psychology: Modules for Active Learning and
Psychology: A Journey, as well as Introduction to Psychology. Together, these texts
have been used by more than 2 million students. Dr. Coon frequently serves as a
reviewer and consultant to publishers, and he edited the best-selling trade book
Choices. He also helped design modules for PsychNow!, Cengage’s interactive
CD-ROM.
In his leisure hours, Dr. Coon enjoys hiking, photography, painting, wood-
working, and music. He also designs, builds, and plays classical and steel string
acoustic guitars. He has published articles on guitar design and occasionally
w
opfsfyecrhs olelocgtuyr.es on this topic, in addition to his more frequent presentations on Morgan/Rainbo
Hank
©
John O. Mitterer
was awarded his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from
McMaster University. Currently, Dr. Mitterer is faculty member at Brock Univer-
sity, where he has taught more than 25,000 introductory psychology students.
He is the recipient of the 2003 Brock University Distinguished Teaching Award,
a 2003 Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA)
Teaching Award, a 2004 National 3M Teaching Fellowship, the 2005 Canadian
Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education
and Training in Psychology, and the 2010 Brock University Don Ursino Award
for Excellence in the Teaching of Large Classes. He also held a three-year Brock
Chancellor’s Chair for Teaching Excellence from 2006 to 2009. w
graHduias tfei restd luocvaet iios nin. Ianp psluypinpgo rcto gonf ihtiivse ipnrtirnocdipulcetso troy tphsey cimhoplroogvye mcoeunrts oe,f uhne dhears- Morgan/Rainbo
been involved in the production of textbooks and ancillary materials such as CD- Hank
ROMs and websites for both students and instructors. Dr. Mitterer has published ©
and lectured on undergraduate instruction throughout Canada and the United
States.
In his spare time, Dr. Mitterer strives to become a better golfer and to attain
his life goal of seeing all the bird species in the world. To this end, he recently
traveled to Papua New Guinea, Uganda, the Galapagos, and China.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Preface v
Brief Contents
Introduction: The Psychology of 10 Motivation and Emotion
°°˜
Studying — Reflective Learning
˜ Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence — The Fine Art of
˜ Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods Self-Control °˘°
˜°
Psychology in Action: Psychology in the Media — Are You Fluent in ˜˜ Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
369
Klingon? ˛˛
Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems — When Pleasure Fades 393
° Brain and Behavior
˝˜ ˜° Personality
403
Psychology in Action: Handedness — Are You Sinister or Dexterous? ˙˙
Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges — Understanding
˛ Human Development Shyness ˛°˝
ˆ°
Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting — Always Kiss Your Children ˜˛ Health, Stress, and Coping
˛˛˜
Goodnight ˜˜˙
Psychology in Action: Stress Management ˛˘ˆ
˝ Sensation and Perception
˜ˇ˝ ˜˝ Psychological Disorders
˛˙˝
Psychology in Action: Pay Attention! — Becoming a Better Eyewitness
Psychology in Action: Suicide — Lives on the Brink 505
to Life 160
˜˙ Therapies
˙ States of Consciousness ˝˜˜
˜˘˙
Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Seeking Professional
Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams 198
Help ˝°ˆ
ˆ Conditioning and Learning
205 ˜ˆ Social Thinking and Social Influence
˝˛˙
Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management — A Rewarding
Psychology in Action: Assertiveness Training — Standing Up for Your
Project ˇ°˛
Rights 570
ˇ Memory
ˇ˛˜ ˜ˇ Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
˝˙˝
Psychology in Action: Mnemonics — Memory Magic ˇ˘ˆ
Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism — Living with Diversity 597
˘ Cognition, Language, and Creativity
ˇ˙˝ ˜˘ Applied Psychology
603
Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity — Brainstorms 297
Psychology in Action: Human Factors Psychology — Who’s the Boss
9 Intelligence Here? ˘ˇ˘
303
Psychology in Action: Intelligent Intelligence Testing — User Appendix: Behavioral Statistics
˘°°
Beware! °ˇ°
References
R-˜
Name Index
I-˜
Subject Index/Glossary
S-˜
v
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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vi Preface
Contents
Preface xvi A Brief History of Psychology — Psychology’s Family
Album 23
Starting Off on the Right Foot ˝
Structuralism 24
Reflective Reading — How to Tame a Textbook ˙ Functionalism 24
How to Use Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind Behaviorism 24
and Behavior 3 Gestalt Psychology 25
Reflective Note Taking — LISAN Up! 4 Psychoanalytic Psychology 26
Using and Reviewing Your Notes 5 Humanistic Psychology 26
The Role of Diversity in Psychology ˙†
Reflective Study Strategies — Making a Habit of Success 5
Psychology Today — Three Complementary Perspectives on
Self-Regulated Learning — Academic All-Stars 6
Behavior ˙€
Procrastination — Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues 6
The Biological Perspective 29
Time Management 6
The Psychological Perspective 29
Goal Setting †
The Sociocultural Perspective 30
Make Learning an Adventure †
Psychologists — Guaranteed Not to Shrink 31
Reflective Test-Taking — Are You “Test Wise”? †
Helping People 34
General Test-Taking Skills †
Other Mental Health Professionals 34
Using Digital Media — Netting New Knowledge €
The Psychology Experiment — Where Cause Meets Effect 35
Psychology CourseMate €
Variables and Groups 35
CengageNOW 9
Evaluating Results 37
Psychology Resource Center 9
Double Blind — On Placebos and Self-Fulfilling
Psychology Websites 9
Prophecies 37
A Final Word ˝›
Research Participant Bias 37
Chapter in Review: Gateways to Psychology ˝˝
Researcher Bias 38
Gateway Questions Revisited ˝˝
Nonexperimental Research Methods — Different Strokes 39
Media Resources ˝˝
Naturalistic Observation 39
Correlational Studies 40
The Clinical Method 41
Introduction to Psychology
1 Survey Method 42
and Research Methods
13
Psychology in Action: Psychology in the Media — Are You
Fluent in Klingon? 44
Fly Like an Eagle 13
Chapter in Review: Gateways to Psychology 46
Psychology — Behave Yourself! 14
Gateway Questions Revisited 46
Seeking Knowledge in Psychology 14
Psychological Research 15 Media Resources 48
Psychology’s Goals 15 Feature Boxes (Highlights)
Critical Thinking — Take It with a Grain of Salt ˝† • Critical Thinking: Testing Commonsense Beliefs 15
Critical Thinking Principles ˝† • Human Diversity: Who’s WEIRD? ˙€
Pseudopsychologies — Palms, Planets, and Personality ˝€
• Discovering Psychology: Is a Career in Psychology Right
Problems in the Stars 19 for You? 33
Scientific Research — How to Think Like a Psychologist ˙›
The Scientific Method ˙›
Research Ethics ˙˙
vi
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Preface vii
2 Brain and Behavior 51 3 Human Development 83
AA SSttrrookkee ooff BBaadd LLuucckk 51 IItt’’ss aa GGiirrll!! 83
Neurons — Building a “Biocomputer” “š Nature and Nurture — It Takes Two to Tango ’†
Parts of a Neuron “š Heredity ’†
The Nerve Impulse “š Environment ’€
Synapses and Neurotransmitters “† Reaction Range ’’
Neural Networks “€ The Newborn — More Than Meets the Eye ’•
The Nervous System — Wired for Action “€ Motor Development 90
Research Methods — Charting the Brain’s Inner Realms 60 Perceptual and Cognitive Development 91
Mapping Brain Structure 60 Emotional Development •š
Exploring Brain Function 61 Social Development — Baby, I’m Stuck on You 93
The Cerebral Cortex — My, What a Wrinkled Brain You Attachment •†
Have! €† Day Care •“
Cerebral Hemispheres €† Attachment and Affectional Needs •€
Hemispheric Specialization €“ Parental Influences — Life with Mom and Dad •€
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex €‘ Parenting Styles •€
The Subcortex — At the Core of the (Brain) Matter 71 Maternal and Paternal Influences •€
The Hindbrain 71 Ethnic Differences: Four Flavors of Parenting •‘
The Forebrain 73 Language Development — Who Talks Baby Talk? •’
The Whole Person ‘† Language and the Terrible Twos ••
The Endocrine System — My Hormones Made Me Do It ‘† The Roots of Language ••
Psychology in Action: Handedness — Are You Sinister or Cognitive Development — Think Like a Child 101
Dexterous? ‘‘ Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 101
Piaget Today 104
Chapter in Review: Gateways to Brain and Behavior 80
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory 106
Gateway Questions Revisited 80
Adolescence and Young Adulthood — The Best of Times, the
Media Resources 81 Worst of Times 107
Feature Boxes (Highlights)
Puberty 107
• Critical Thinking: You Can Change Your Mind, But Can The Search for Identity 108
You Change Your Brain? “‘ Emerging Adulthood 109
• Brainwaves: Repairing Your Brain “• Moral Development — Growing a Conscience 110
• The Clinical File: Mirror, Mirror in the Brain €’ Levels of Moral Development 110
The Story of a Lifetime — Rocky Road or Garden Path? 111
• Human Diversity: His and Her Brains? 70
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 111
• The Clinical File: Trapped! ‘š
Middle and Later Adulthood — You’re an Adult Now! 113
Other Challenges of Adulthood 113
A Midlife Crisis? 114
Facing the Challenges of Adulthood 114
Old Age 114
Death and Dying — The Final Frontier 115
Reactions to Impending Death 115
Implications 116
vii
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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viii Contents
Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting — Always Kiss Psychology in Action: Pay Attention! — Becoming a Better
Your Children Goodnight 117 Eyewitness to Life 160
Chapter in Review: Gateways to Human Development 120 Chapter in Review: Gateways to Sensation and
Gateway Questions Revisited 120 Perception 163
Media Resources 122 Gateway Questions Revisited 163
Feature Boxes (Highlights) Media Resources 164
• Discovering Psychology: What’s Your Attachment Feature Boxes (Highlights)
Style? •“ • Brainwaves: The Matrix: Do Phantoms Live Here? 140
• Critical Thinking: Theory of Mind: I’m a Me!....and You’re • The Clinical File: Staying in Touch with Reality 144
a You! 105 • Human Diversity: Do They See What We See? 155
• Human Diversity: Ethnic Diversity and Identity 108
• Critical Thinking: The Twixters 109
5 States of Consciousness 167
4 Sensation and Perception 125 AA VViissiitt ttoo SSeevveerraall SSttaatteess ((ooff CCoonnsscciioouussnneessss)) 167
States of Consciousness — The Many Faces of
TThhee TTrreeeess HHaavvee EEyyeess 125 Awareness 168
Sensory Processes — The First Step 126 Altered States of Consciousness 168
Selection 126 Sleep — Catching a Few ZZZs 168
Sensory Adaptation 126 The Need for Sleep 168
Sensory Analysis 127 Sleep Patterns 170
Sensory Coding 127 Stages of Sleep — The Nightly Roller Coaster 171
Vision — Catching Some Rays 128 Sleep Stages 171
Structure of the Eye 129 The Dual Process Hypothesis of Sleep 172
Rods and Cones 129 Sleep Disturbances — The Sleepy Time Blues 174
Color Vision 131
Insomnia 174
Seeing in the Dark 132
Sleepwalking, Sleeptalking, and Sleepsex 176
Hearing — Good Vibrations 134 Nightmares and Night Terrors 176
How We Hear Sounds 134 Sleep Apnea 176
Smell and Taste — The Nose Knows When the Tongue Can’t Narcolepsy 177
Tell 137 Dreams — A Separate Reality? 177
The Sense of Smell 137 REM Rebound 177
Taste and Flavors 138 Dream Theories 178
The Somesthetic Senses — Flying by the Seat of Your Dream Worlds 179
Pants 138 Hypnosis — Look into My Eyes 179
The Skin Senses 139 Theories of Hypnosis 180
Pain 139 The Reality of Hypnosis 180
The Vestibular System 141 Stage Hypnosis 182
Perception — The Second Step 142 Meditation and Sensory Deprivation — Chilling, the Healthy
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing 144 Way 183
Gestalt Organizing Principles 144 Meditation 183
Perceptual Constancies 147 Sensory Deprivation 183
Selective Attention — Tuning In and Tuning Out 148 Positive Psychology: Mindfulness and Well-Being 184
Depth Perception — What If the World Were Flat? 149 Drug-Altered Consciousness — The High and Low of It 185
Binocular Depth Cues 150 Drug Dependence 186
Monocular Depth Cues 151 Patterns of Abuse 187
Perceptual Learning — Believing Is Seeing 154 Uppers — Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine,
Perceptual Expectancies 154 Nicotine 187
Motives, Emotions, and Perception 155 Amphetamines 187
Perceptual Habits 155 Cocaine 189
Extrasensory Perception — Do You Believe in Ghosts? 158 MDMA (“Ecstasy”) 190
Caffeine 190
An Appraisal of ESP 158
Nicotine 191
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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