Introduction to Psychology

768 Pages·2010·71.52 MB·english

by  Rod Plotnik

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Super Modules
2: Psychology and Science 12: Remembering and
3: Brain’s Building Blocks Forgetting
4: Incredible Nervous System 17: Infancy and Childhood
6: Perception 18: Adolescence and Adulthood
8: Hypnosis and Drugs 21: Health, Stress and Coping
9: Classical Conditioning 22: Assessment and Anxiety
10: Operant and Cognitive Disorders
Approaches 23: Mood Disorder and
11: Types of Memory Schizophrenia
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For more information about how you can use PowerStudy to full advantage, see pages xxxv and xxxvi of this text.
9e

Introduction to
Psychology
Rod Plotnik
San Diego State University
Haig Kouyoumdjian
Mott Community College
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Introduction to Psychology, Ninth Edition © 2011, 2008 Wadsworth | Cengage Learning
Rod Plotnik and Haig Kouyoumdjian
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We begin each revision with great enthusiasm, which usually begins to fade at the halfway point. The one sure
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Contents
MODULE 1 Discovering Psychology 2
MODULE 2 Psychology & Science 26
MODULE 3 Brain’s Building Blocks 46
MODULE 4 Incredible Nervous System 66
MODULE 5 Sensation 92
MODULE 6 Perception 120
MODULE 7 Sleep & Dreams 146
MODULE 8 Hypnosis & Drugs 168
MODULE 9 Classical Conditioning 194
MODULE 10 Operant & Cognitive Approaches 212
MODULE 11 Types of Memory 238
MODULE 12 Remembering & Forgetting 260
MODULE 13 Intelligence 280
MODULE 14 Thought & Language 304
MODULE 15 Motivation 328
MODULE 16 Emotion 358
MODULE 17 Infancy & Childhood 376
MODULE 18 Adolescence & Adulthood 406
MODULE 19 Freudian & Humanistic Theories 432
MODULE 20 Social Cognitive & Trait Theories 456
MODULE 21 Health, Stress & Coping 480
MODULE 22 Assessment & Anxiety Disorders 508
MODULE 23 Mood Disorders & Schizophrenia 530
MODULE 24 Therapies 554
MODULE 25 Social Psychology 580
APPENDIX Statistics in Psychology 610
1 2
MODULE MODULE
Discovering Psychology 2 Psychology & Science 26
A. Definition & Goals A. Answering Questions 28
Definition of Psychology 4 Survey 28
Goals of Psychology 4 Case Study 28
Experiment 28
B. Modern Approaches 5
Answering Questions 5 B. Surveys 29
Biological Approach 6 Kind of Information 29
Cognitive Approach 7 Disadvantages 29
Behavioral Approach 8 Advantages 29
Psychoanalytic Approach 9
C. Case Study 30
Humanistic Approach 10
Kind of Information 30
Cross-Cultural Approach 11
Personal Case Study: Testimonial 30
Evolutionary Approach 11
Error and Bias 30
Eclectic Approach 11
D. Cultural Diversity: Use of Placebos 31
C. Historical Approaches 12
Examples of Mind over Body 31
Structuralism 12
Conclusion: Testimonials and Placebos 31
Functionalism 12
Gestalt Approach 13 E. Correlation 32
Behaviorism 13 Definition 32
Survival of Approaches 13 Correlation Coefficients 32
Correlation Versus Causation 33
D. Cultural Diversity:
Correlation as Clues 33
Early Discrimination 14
Correlation and Predictions 33
Women in Psychology 14
Minorities in Psychology 14 F. Decisions about Doing Research 34
Righting the Wrongs 14 Choosing Research Techniques 34
Choosing Research Settings 35
Concept Review 15
G. Scientific Method: Experiment 36
E. Research Focus: Taking Class Notes 16
Advantages of the Scientific Method 36
Best Strategy for Taking Class Notes? 16
Conducting an Experiment: Seven Rules 36
F. Careers in Psychology 17 Conclusion 37
Psychologist Versus Psychiatrist 17
Concept Review 38
Many Career Settings 17
H. Research Focus: ADHD Controversies 39
G. Research Areas 18
Controversy: Diagnosis 39
Areas of Specialization 18
Controversy: Treatment 39
Making Decisions 19
Controversy: Long-Term Effects 39
H. Application: Study Skills 20
I. Application: Research Concerns 40
Improving Study Habits 20
Concerns about Being a Subject 40
Setting Goals 20
Code of Ethics 40
Rewarding Yourself 21
Role of Deception 40
Taking Notes 21
Ethics of Animal Research 41
Stopping Procrastination 21
Summary Test 42
Summary Test 22
Critical Thinking 44
Critical Thinking 24
Links to Learning 45
Links to Learning 25
CONTENTS v
3 4
MODULE MODULE
Brain’s Building Blocks 46 Incredible Nervous System 66
A. Overview: Human Brain 48 A. Genes & Evolution 68
Development of the Brain 48 Genetic Instructions 68
Structure of the Brain 48 Errors in Genetic Instructions 69
Growth of New Neurons 49 Genetic Testing 69
Brain Versus Mind 49 Evolution of the Human Brain 69
B. Neurons: Structure & Function 50 B. Studying the Living Brain 70
Parts of the Neuron 50 Brain Scans 70
Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurons 50 Brain Scans: MRI & fMRI 70
C. Neurons Versus Nerves 51 Brain Scans and Cognitive Neuroscience 71
Faces Versus Bodies 71
Reattaching Limbs 51
Transplanting a Face 51 C. Organization of the Brain 72
Peripheral Nervous System 51 Divisions of the Nervous System 72
Central Nervous System 51 Major Parts of the Brain 73
D. Sending Information 52
D. Control Centers: Four Lobes 74
Sequence: Action Potential 52
Overall View of the Cortex 74
Sequence: Nerve Impulse 52
Frontal Lobe: Functions 75
E. Transmitters 54 Parietal Lobe: Functions 77
Excitatory and Inhibitory 54 Temporal Lobe: Functions 78
Neurotransmitters 54 Occipital Lobe: Functions 79
Alcohol 55
E. Limbic System: Old Brain 80
New Transmitters 55
Structures and Functions 80
F. Reflex Responses 56 Autonomic Nervous System 81
Definition and Sequence 56
F. Endocrine System 82
Functions of a Reflex 56
Definition 82
Concept Review 57 Control Center 82
Other Glands 82
G. Research Focus: What Is a Phantom Limb? 58
Case Study 58 Concept Review 83
Definition and Data 58
G. Research Focus: Sex Differences in the Brain? 84
Answers and Treatment 58
Scientific Debate 84
H. Cultural Diversity: Plants & Drugs 59
H. Cultural Diversity: Brain Size & Racial Myths 85
Cocaine 59
Skull Size and Intelligence 85
Curare 59
Brain Size and Intelligence 85
Mescaline 59
I. Application: Experimental Treatments 60 I. Application: Split Brain 86
Parkinson’s Disease 60 Definition and Testing 86
Issues Involving Transplants 60 Behaviors Following Split Brain 87
Experimental Treatments 61 Different Functions of Hemispheres 87
Left- or Right-Brained? 87
Summary Test 62
Summary Test 88
Critical Thinking 64
Critical Thinking 90
Links to Learning 65
Links to Learning 91
vi CONTENTS
5 6
MODULE MODULE
Sensation 92 Perception 120
A. Eye: Vision 94 A. Perceptual Thresholds 122
Stimulus: Light Waves 94 Becoming Aware of a Stimulus 122
Structure and Function 94 Weber’s Law 123
Retina 96 Just Noticeable Difference (JND) and Soft Towels 123
Visual Pathways 97
B. Sensation Versus Perception 124
Color Vision 98
Basic Differences 124
B. Ear: Audition 100 Changing Sensations into
Stimulus: Sound Waves 100 Perceptions 125
Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear 102 C. Rules of Organization 126
Auditory Brain Areas 103
Structuralists Versus Gestalt
Auditory Cues 104
Psychologists 126
C. Vestibular System: Balance 105 Evidence for Rules 126
Position and Balance 105 Organizational Rules 127
Motion Sickness 105 D. Perceptual Constancy 128
Meniere’s Disease and Vertigo 105 Size, Shape, Brightness & Color
D. Chemical Senses 106 Constancy 128
Taste 106 E. Depth Perception 129
Smell, or Olfaction 107 Binocular (Two Eyes) Depth Cues 129
Monocular Depth Cues 130
E. Touch 108
Definition 108 F. Illusions 132
Receptors in the Skin 108 Strange Perceptions 132
Brain Areas 108 Learning from Illusions 133
Concept Review 109 Concept Review 134
F. Cultural Diversity: Disgust 110 G. Research Focus: Influencing Perception 135
Psychological Factors 110 Can “Unsensed Messages” Change Behavior? 135
Cultural Factors 110
H. Cultural Diversity: Influence on Perceptions 136
G. Research Focus: Mind over Body? 111 What Do Cultural Influences Do? 136
Definitions 111
I. ESP: Extrasensory Perception 138
Research Methods 111
Definition and Controversy 138
Power of Pricing 111
Trickery and Magic 138
Conclusion: Mind over Body! 111
ESP Experiment 139
H. Pain 112 Status of ESP and TV Psychics 139
Definition 112 J. Application: Creating Perceptions 140
Gate Control Theory 112
Creating Movement 140
Endorphins 113
Creating Movies 140
Dread 113
Creating Virtual Reality 141
Acupuncture 113
Creating First Impressions 141
I. Application: Artificial Senses 114
Summary Test 142
Artificial Visual System 114
Kinds of Deafness 115 Critical Thinking 144
Cochlear Implants 115
Links to Learning 145
Summary Test 116
Critical Thinking 118
Links to Learning 119
CONTENTS vii