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https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam An Introduction to Political Theory FIFTH EDITION O.P. Gauba Formerly, Reader in Political Science Campus of Open Learning University of Delhi MACMILLAN https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam © O.P. Gauba, 1981, 1985, 1995, 2003, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First edition, 1981 Second edition, 1985 Third revised edition, 1995 Reprinted, 1999-2001 (three times) Fourth edition, 2003 Reprinted, 2003, 2004 (twice), 2005 (twice), 2006, 2007 Fifth edition, 2009 Reprinted, 2009 (twice), 2010 MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS INDIA LTD Delhi Bangalore Chennai Kolkata Mumbai Ahmedabad Bhopal Chandigarh Coimbatore Cuttack Guwahati Hubli Hyderabad Jaipur Lucknow Madurai Nagpur Patna Pune Thiruvananthapuram Visakhapatnam Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 10: 0230-63888-0 ISBN 13: 978-0230-63888-4 Published by Rajiv Beri for Macmillan Publishers India Ltd 2/10, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 Typeset by Text-o-Graphics Bl/56, Arawali Appartments, Sector 34, Noida 201 301 (UP) Printed at Magic International Pvt Ltd 26 E, Sector 31 (Industrial), Site IV, Greater Noida (UP) This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken al! reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam Preface to the Fifth Edition The present edition of An Introduction to Political Theory is different from its previous edition in many ways. The entire text has been re-edited. New material has been incorporated at many places to improve the quality of its presentation, and to make it more logical, lucid, effective and up-to-date. Some of the new topics introduced in this edition include new sections on feminism, status of civil society, feminist perspective on the state, pluralist perspective on the state, communitarian perspective on justice, democracy as a way of life and concept of deliberative democracy. The new points, ideas and concepts included in this edition are reflected in the new, enlarged index of this edition. The illustrative material used in this edition has also been suitably revised, modified and supplemented. All flow charts, comparative charts and diagrams included in this edition bear suitable headings. A list of these charts has been given after the 'Contents'. Placement of many boxes containing definitions, charts and diagrams has been changed to make it more logical and reader-friendly. Bibliography has been rearranged, enlarged and updated. It is hoped that this edition of the book will prove more useful, reader-friendly and popular. Suggestions for further improvement will be welcome. New O.P. Gauba Delhi https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam Preface to the Fourth Edition The present edition of An Introduction to Political Theory is almost newly written. The material on conventional topics has been considerably shortened without diluting its substance in order to accommodate new material dealing with the recent developments in the field of political theory. While the lucidity of its style has been maintained, its language has been simplified. Its contents have been rearranged with suitable connecting material to ensure proper placement of the new material. Further, I have tried to make it more reader-friendly by introducing new explanatory diagrams, flow charts, comparative charts and on-the-spot definitions of the new terms in boxes. The major topics which have been newly accommodated or elaborated include: nature and significance of political theory; the end of ideology debate; neo- liberalism, neo-Marxism, anarchism, Gandhism; communitarian perspective on politics; use of philosophy in the study of political science; state and civil society, nationalism and internationalism, current crisis of the nation-state, contemporary trends in advanced industrial countries and the third world; concept of popular sovereignty; contemporary challenges to sovereignty including legacy of imperialism, role of power blocs, process of globalization; communitarian, post- colonial and Gandhian perspectives on the state; concept of power including class perspective, elite theory, gender perspective, group perspective and constructive view of power; concept of citizenship including the nature, components and theories of citizenship, feminist and subaltern critiques of citizenship; concept of human rights including the genesis, scope and theories of human rights, civil liberties and democratic rights; relation between liberty and equality, equality and justice; social-democratic perspective on the right to property; diverse perspectives on justice including liberal, libertarian, Marxist, democratic- socialist, anarchist, feminist and subaltern perspectives; concept of the common https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam viii Preface to the Fourth Edition good including liberal, communitarian. Marxist and Gandhian perspectives: theory of participatory democracy including forms of political participation, concept of people's democracy; process of social change including Marxist theory of revolutionary change and liberal theory of incremental change; concept of development including alternative paths of development, sustainable development, environmentalism, and the concept of political development. In short, this new edition covers a fairly wide range of the problems of political theory and examines them in multifarious perspectives including liberal, neo-liberal, Marxist, neo-Marxist, post-colonial, elitist, communitarian, socialist, social-democratic, anarchist, Gandhian, pluralist, environmentalist, feminist and subaltern perspectives. Suggestions for further improvement will be most welcome. O.R Gauba • https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam Preface to the First Edition Political theory is an ever-growing subject. Some classical issues of political philosophy, which were sought to be excluded from the sphere of the so-called modern political theory, are now being reconsidered in a new perspective. The empirical theory, which has considerably enriched our knowledge of the theoretical foundations of politics is now being used as an aid to a better understanding of classical issues, including those concerned with value-judgement. The traditional texts on political theory have served our needs for several decades. But today they have become largely outmoded because they were restricted to a discussion of conventional topics, in a conventional manner, hardly indicating the scope of alternative interpretations and their comparative evaluation. These books were mostly descriptive, hardly analytical. For instance, these texts do not indicate why the 'social contract' theory embodies a typical, liberal interpretation of the origin and nature of the state, as distinguished from the idealist and Marxist theories. They hardly provide an analysis of politics as a process with the liberal and Marxist viewpoints as alternative models of interpretation. They usually lack modern empirical insights, e.g. they seldom touch upon elitist, pluralist and Marxist theories in their discussion of democracy. At best, they include a chapter on Marxism cut off from the mainstream, overlooking the immense possibilities of Marxist interpretation of several issues, e.g. nature of politics, origin, nature and functions of the state, theories of rights, freedom, property and democracy. With the modernization of the courses of study, these problems are required to be understood in a comparative perspective, particularly against the background of liberal and Marxist interpretations, with occasional references to the idealist theory. The present book is a modest attempt to meet this requirement, especially https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam X Preface to the Erst Edition of Indian students. It seeks to combine various prevalent approaches to the study of political theory—classical and modern, descriptive and analytical, empirical and normative. An attempt has been made to avoid a doctrinaire approach. Any stand taken on a particular issue, maintaining consistency throughout the book, is sought to be substantiated by suitable arguments and data. In any case, I make no claim to prescribe readymade solutions for all the problems of the present-day world. In my opinion, an author's job is adequately done if he is able to bring out the complexities of the problems and indicate the main approaches, so that he inspires his readers to think for themselves rather than to look for ready-made solutions which will hardly work! Any suggestions for improvement will be most welcome. O.P. Gauba https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition v Preface to the Fourth Edition vii Preface to the First Edition ix Flow Charts, Comparative Charts and Diagrams xv 1. Nature and Significance of Political Theory 1 Nature of Political Theory; Significance of Political Theory; Debate on the Decline of Political Theory 2. Concept of Ideology 14 Ideology as a Set of Ideas—Ideology, Politics and Political theory; Ideology as the Science of Ideas; Ideology and Totalitarianism; End of Ideology Debate; Liberalism—Neo-Liberalism; Marxism—Neo- Marxism; Socialism; Fascism; Anarchism; Gandhism; Feminism 3. Nature of Politics 80 Politics as a Process; Different Views of Politics—The Liberal View; The Marsist View; The Communitarian View 4. Approaches to the Study of Politics 94 Introduction; Traditional Approaches; Contemporary Approaches— Behavioural Approach; Post-Behavioural Revolution; Models of Political Analysis—Systems Analysis; Structural-Functional Analysis; Communications Theory; Desicion-Making Analysis; Marxian Analysis 5. Interdisciplinary Perspective on Political Science 121 The Interdisciplinary Approach; Usefulness of Other Social Sciences— The Use of History; The Use of Economics; The Use of Sociology; The Use of Psychology; The Use of Philosophy https://telegram.me/UPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/FreeUPSCMaterials https://telegram.me/MaterialforExam xii Content s 6. Concept of the State 132 Significance of the State; The State and Other Associations— State and Society; State and Civil Society, State and Government; State and Nation; Rise and Growth of the Modern Nation-State; Nationalism and Internationalism; Current Crisis of the Nation-State; Contemporary Trends in Advanced Industrial Countries and the Third World; Status of Civil Society 7. Concept of Sovereignty 162 Meaning of Sovereignty; Characteristics of Sovereignty; Aspects of Sovereignty; Concept of Popular Sovereignty 8. Pluralist Theory of Sovereignty 177 Genesis of the Pluralistic Theory; The Principles of Pluralism; Exponents of the Pluralist Theory 9. Contemporary Challenges to Sovereignty 192 Legacy of Imperialism; Role of the Power Blocs; Process of Globalization 10. Diverse Perspectives on the State 202 Organic Theory of the State; Liberal-Individualist Perspective—Theory of the Social Contract, Theory of Laissez-Faire Individualism; Welfare State Perspective; Class Perspective; Communitarian Perspective; Post-Colonial Perspective; Gandhian Perspective; Feminist Perspective; Pluralist Perspective 11. Grounds and Limits of Political Obligation 261 Theories of Unlimited Obligation; Theories of Limited Obligation; Theories Against Political Obligation; Gandhian Perspective 12. Concept of Law 270 Nature of Law—Natural Law School, Analytical Jurisprudence, Historical Jurisprudence; Sociological Jurisprudence; Sources of Law; Sphere of Law—Law and Morality, Law and Liberty; Rule of Law 13. Concept of Power 282 Nature and Significance of Power; Power, Authority and Legitimacy— Weber's Analysis; Different Forms of Power—Political Power, Economic Power, Ideological Power; The Structure of Power; Class Perspective— Power and Hegemony (Gramsci's Analysis); Elite Theory (Pareto, Mosca, Michel, C. Wright Mills); Gender Perspective (Feminist Theory); Group Perspective (Pluralist Theory); Constructive View of Power (Hannah Arendt)