Introduction to Occupational Health in Public Health Practice (Public Health Environmental Health)

355 Pages·2009·3.64 MB·English

by  Bernard J. Healey

ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 77//2244//0099 88::4488::4422 PPMM
INTRODUCTION
TO OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH IN PUBLIC
HEALTH PRACTICE
ffffiirrss..iinndddd ii 77//2244//0099 88::4488::4411 PPMM
ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 77//2244//0099 88::4488::4422 PPMM
INTRODUCTION
TO OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH IN PUBLIC
HEALTH PRACTICE

B E R N A R D J . H E A L E Y
K E N N E T H T. WA L K E R

ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiiiii 77//2244//0099 88::4488::4422 PPMM
Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by Jossey-Bass
A Wiley Imprint
989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741—www.josseybass.com
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,
except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without
either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the
appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax [phone], or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to
the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax [phone], or online at
www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Readers should be aware that Internet Web sites offered as citations and/or sources for further
information may have changed or disappeared between the time this was written and when
it is read.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best
efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the
accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any implied
warranties of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or
extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained
herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where
appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other
commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other
damages.
Jossey-Bass books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey-Bass
directly call our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-956-7739, outside the U.S. at
317-572-3986, or fax [phone].
Jossey-Bass also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in
print may not be available in electronic books.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Healey, Bernard J., date.
Introduction to occupational health in public health practice/Bernard J. Healey,
Kenneth T. Walker.—1st ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–470–44768–0 (pbk.)
1. Industrial hygiene. 2. Public health. I. Walker, Kenneth T., date. II. Title.
RC967.H414 2009
363.110973—dc22
2009021651
Printed in the United States of America
first edition
PB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ffffiirrss..iinndddd iivv 77//2244//0099 88::4488::4422 PPMM
CONTENTS
Figures, Tables, and Exhibits xi
Introduction xv
Acknowledgments xix
The Authors xxi
The Contributors xxiii
PART ONE

PUBLIC HEALTH PREVENTION FOCUS 1
1 H ISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC HEALTH 3
A Brief History of U.S. Public Health 4
Healthy People 2010 8
Responsibilities of Public Health 11
Public Health Accomplishments 11
Emphasis on Prevention Not Control 14
Public Health and Occupational Health 16
Summary 25
Key Terms 25
Questions for Discussion 25
2 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 27
Introduction to Epidemiology 28
Surveillance Systems 31
Epidemiology Studies 33
Health Hazard Evaluations 35
Public Health Systems in the Workplace 37
v
ffttoocc..iinndddd vv 77//2277//0099 44::2288::4488 PPMM
vi
Contents
Chronic Disease Epidemiology in the Workplace 38
Summary 39
Key Terms 39
Questions for Discussion 39
PART TWO

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 41
3 HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH 43
Health, Disease, and Prevention 48
The Role for Public Health 51
Summary 54
Key Terms 55
Questions for Discussion 55
4 OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES 57
Epidemiology of Injuries 58
The Case for an Epidemiological Approach 59
Epidemiology of Accidents 66
Epidemiology of Violence 68
Surveillance Systems for Occupational Injuries 69
Surveillance Results 70
Injury Prevention Programs 73
Future Challenges 77
Summary 78
Key Terms 80
Questions for Discussion 80
5 COMPLIANCE VERSUS PREVENTION 81
OSHA Standards Development 84
The Inspection Process 88
Compliance or Prevention 90
ffttoocc..iinndddd vvii 77//2277//0099 44::2288::4499 PPMM
vii
Contents
Prevention of Cumulative Problems 93
Summary 93
Key Terms 93
Questions for Discussion 93
PART THREE

PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES IN OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY AND HEALTH 95
6 TOXICOLOGY 97
Application to Occupational Epidemiology 98
Subdisciplines in Toxicology 99
Classifi cation of Toxic Agents 100
Environmental Tobacco Smoke 103
Risk Assessment 104
Toxicology Case Studies 105
Toxin Regulation and Research 105
Summary 108
Key Terms 109
Questions for Discussion 109
7 STRESS 111
Stress Basics 112
Workplace Characteristics and Stress 116
Organizational Response to Stress 117
When to Get Help 122
Summary 122
Key Terms 122
Questions for Discussion 123
8 THE IMPAIRED EMPLOYEE 125
Drug Use Frequency and Demographics 127
Epidemiology of Addiction 129
ffttoocc..iinndddd vviiii 77//2277//0099 44::2288::4499 PPMM
viii
Contents
Substances Often Abused 134
Drug-Free Workplaces and EAPs 136
Summary 140
Key Terms 140
Questions for Discussion 141
9 WELLNESS PROGRAMS 143
Chronic Diseases in the Workplace 145
The Value of Wellness Programs 146
Addressing Obesity and Nutrition 147
Addressing Physical Inactivity 151
Addressing Tobacco Use 153
Developing Comprehensive Health Programs 155
The Role for Public Health 157
Summary 159
Key Terms 160
Questions for Discussion 160
10 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING 161
Defi nitions 162
Emergency Management Planning Steps 162
Terrorism and Bioterrorism 164
Workplace Preparedness for Terrorism 167
CDC’s Strategic Workplace Plan 168
Applying Epidemiology to Preparedness 168
Applying an Information Model to Preparedness 174
Involving OSHA and NIOSH in Planning 175
Summary 176
Key Terms 177
Questions for Discussion 177
11 ERGONOMICS 179
Two Approaches: Broad and Narrow 181
Ergonomists’ Roles and Experience 187
ffttoocc..iinndddd vviiiiii 77//2277//0099 44::2288::4499 PPMM