Table Of Content

Introduction to Nanomaterials in Medicine IOP Series in Photomedicine and Biophotonics Series Editor Michael R Hamblin, Harvard Medical School About the series TheConcisePhysicsSeriesinPhotomedicineandBiophotonicsconcentratesonthe broad subject areas of photomedicine, biophotonics, and nanomedicine. Photomedicine covers both the diverse therapeutic applications of light (photo- therapy, photobiomodulation, and photodynamic therapy) as well as diseases/ conditions caused by exposure to light. Biophotonics covers the use of light in biomedical optics and imaging, and the relativelynew areasof theranostics, molecular imaging,and neurophotonics. Other cutting-edge subjects that will be covered include optogenetics, optical sensors for biowarfare agents, biophotonic nanotechnology, optical biopsies, etc. Nanomedicine covers the application of nanotechnology in biology and medicine with an emphasis on drug delivery nanovehicles (including smart nanoparticles), carbon nanomaterials, nanobiosensors, and biomimetic nanostructures. Other titles in this series Michael Hamblin and Shanmugamurty Lakshmanan Nanoscopic Electrofocusing for Bio-Nanoelectronic Devices Rui Yin, Qiquan Chen and Michael R Hamblin Skin Photoaging MahdiKarimi,ParhamSahandiZangabad,AmirGhasemiandMichaelRHamblin Smart Internal Stimulus-Responsive Nanocarriers for Drug and Gene Delivery Matthew J Baker, Caryn S Hughes and Katherine A Hollywood Biophotonics: Vibrational Spectroscopic Diagnostics Lucas F de Freitas & Michael Hamblin Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation and Antitumor Photodynamic Therapy with Fullerenes Raj Nair and Rene-Jean Bensadoun Mitigation of Cancer Side-Effects Using Light Mahdi Karimi, Amir Ghasemi, Soroush Mirkiani, Seyed Masoud Moosavi Basri and Michael R Hamblin Carbon Nanotubes in Drug and Gene Delivery Heidi Abrahamse and Michael Hamblin Photomedicine and Stem Cells: The Janus Face of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) to Kill Cancer Stem Cells, and Photobiomodulation (PBM) to Stimulate Normal Stem Cells Mahdi Karimi, Maryam Rad Mansouri, Navid Rabiee and Michael R Hamblin AdvancesinNanomaterialsforDrugDelivery:Polymeric,nanocarbonandbio-inspired Introduction to Nanomaterials in Medicine Mohammad Rabiee∗ Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Navid Rabiee∗ Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Division of Chemistry, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran Reza Salarian Biomedical Engineering Department, Maziar University, Noor, Royan, Iran Ghazal Rabiee Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Morgan & Claypool Publishers ∗Theseauthorscontributedequallytothiswork. Copyrightª2019Morgan&ClaypoolPublishers Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher,orasexpresslypermittedbylawor undertermsagreedwiththeappropriaterightsorganization.Multiplecopyingispermittedin accordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,theCopyright ClearanceCentreandotherreproductionrightsorganizations. Rights&Permissions Toobtainpermissiontore-usecopyrightedmaterialfromMorgan&ClaypoolPublishers,please [email protected]. ISBN 978-1-64327-416-4(ebook) ISBN 978-1-64327-413-3(print) ISBN 978-1-64327-414-0(mobi) DOI 10.1088/2053-2571/aafb0c Version:20190301 IOPConcisePhysics ISSN2053-2571(online) ISSN2054-7307(print) AMorgan&ClaypoolpublicationaspartofIOPConcisePhysics PublishedbyMorgan&ClaypoolPublishers,1210FifthAvenue,Suite250,SanRafael,CA, 94901,USA IOPPublishing,TempleCircus,TempleWay,BristolBS16HG,UK Mohammad dedicates this book to his wife; and Navid and Ghazal dedicate this book to their mom. For all the times that we forgot to ‘thank you’ For all the special things you do For all the words that sometimes go unspoken We need to say, We love you, Mom…We do. We love you for the way you stop and listen, And for your kind support throughout the years, For teaching us the meaning of compassion, And sharing in our triumphs and our tears, And, if at times, We may have seemed ungrateful, We want to say, ‘We truly hope you see, That nothing you have done has been forgotten, And day by day you just mean more to us’. Contents Preface x Acknowledgements xi Author biographies xii 1 Nanomaterials: concepts 1-1 1.1 Nanomaterials 1-1 1.2 Metallic nanoparticles 1-2 1.3 Liposomes 1-2 1.4 Dendrimers 1-2 1.5 Nanomaterials classifications 1-2 1.6 Fabrication methods 1-2 References 1-3 2 Bioactive nanomaterials 2-1 2.1 Polymers as bioactive materials 2-1 2.1.1 Non-biodegradable polymers 2-2 2.1.2 Biodegradable polymers 2-2 2.2 Composites as bioactive materials 2-2 2.3 Biodegradable metals as bioactive materials 2-3 2.4 Glass/ceramics as bioactive materials 2-5 2.5 Mechanical behavior of bioactive glasses 2-7 References 2-10 3 Bio-inspired approaches: carbon-based nanomaterials 3-1 3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials as a therapeutic platform 3-1 3.2 Cargo attachment 3-1 3.3 Cell targeting 3-2 3.4 Cargo delivery 3-3 3.5 Non-targeted cargo delivery 3-7 3.6 Bioimaging 3-8 3.7 Future biomedical challenges 3-12 References 3-14 vii IntroductiontoNanomaterialsinMedicine 4 Nanomaterials and biomedical applications 4-1 4.1 Nanomaterials and tissue engineering 4-1 4.2 Remodeling induced by myocardial infarction 4-4 4.3 Remodeling induced by hypertension 4-6 4.4 Recent pharma approaches 4-7 References 4-8 5 Enzyme-responsive nanomaterials 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Hydrolase-responsive nanomaterials 5-2 5.2.1 Protease-responsive nanomaterials 5-3 5.2.2 Trypsin-responsive nanomaterials 5-4 5.2.3 Elastase-responsive nanomaterials 5-5 5.2.4 Lipase-responsive nanomaterials 5-5 5.2.5 Glycosidase-responsive nanostructures 5-6 5.2.6 Other hydrolase-responsive nanomaterials 5-8 5.3 Oxidoreductase-responsive drug delivery systems 5-10 5.3.1 Glucose oxidase 5-10 5.3.2 Peroxidase 5-12 5.3.3 Azoreductase 5-12 5.3.4 Glutathione reductase 5-12 References 5-13 6 Porphyrin-based nanomaterials 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Porphyrin-based nanomaterials: drug delivery systems 6-2 6.3 A novel approach: application of porphyrin-based covalent triazine 6-3 metal–organic frameworks in drug delivery systems 6.4 A novel strategy: selective surface drug delivery systems 6-5 6.5 Nanomedicine applications 6-6 6.5.1 Cancer theranostics 6-6 6.5.2 X-ray induced photodynamic therapy (PDTX) 6-9 6.5.3 Liposomal porphyrins for cancer theranostics 6-10 6.5.4 Cerasomal porphyrin for the photodynamic 6-10 theranostics of cancer 6.5.5 Porphysomes for cancer theranostics 6-11 viii IntroductiontoNanomaterialsinMedicine 6.6 A novel delivery system: porphyrin-based nanoparticles 6-13 6.6.1 Membrane-coated nanocarriers: targeted delivery system 6-14 6.6.2 Virus-like particles (VLPs) 6-15 6.6.3 Extracellular vesicles 6-16 6.7 Future perspective applications 6-16 6.7.1 Cardiac repairing 6-16 6.7.2 Ocular drug delivery 6-17 6.8 Conclusion 6-18 References 6-18 ix