Introduction to Modern Techniques in Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, An. PDF
Preview Introduction to Modern Techniques in Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, An.
NNNNNaaaaaiiiiinnnnnaaaaannnnn PPPPP..... KKKKKuuuuurrrrriiiiiaaaaannnnn α Alpha Science International Ltd. Oxford, U.K. An Introduction to Modern Techniques in Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering 384 pgs. | 382 figs. | 10 tbls. Nainan P. Kurian Ph.D., D.Sc., Professor of Civil Engineering (Retd.) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai, India Email: <[email protected]> Copyright © 2013 ALPHA SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LTD. 7200 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2JZ, U.K. www.alphasci.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed from the camera-ready copy provided by the Author. ISBN 978-1-84265-790-4 Printed in India Affectionatelydedicatedto myfourgrandchildren AshwiniMaryMathew, ArunCherianMathew, DiyaElizabethKurian,and RayhanKoshyJohnKurian, whosegenerationoughttogainby thetechnologiesdescribedinthisbook. Foreword Thepastthreedecadeshaveseenaremarkableproliferationinthevolumeofliteraturedevotedtogeotech- nicalandfoundationengineering.Therearenowavastnumberofjournalsthataddressthesesubjects,and many conferences annually produce a welter of papers of variable quality. The undergraduate student is insulatedfromthisplethoraofinformationbycurriculathatusuallyfollowawell-troddenpathandwhich coverthebasicsofsoilmechanicsandengineeringmechanicsandwhichemploytextsthathavebeentried, testedandrefinedoverthepast50years. The new graduate that typically emerges from the academic cocoon into the real world of engineering isconfrontedbymanyunfamiliarconceptsandchallenges, andifheorshebecomesinvolvedingeotech- nical and foundation engineering, it may be a daunting task to retrieve relevant and reliable background informationontheseconcepts,theinternet,GoogleandWikipedianotwithstanding.Seasonedprofessionals may similarly face challenges in trying to find information on new techniques without delving into the intricacies of journal and conference papers which, because of the limitations of publication space, are oftencurtailedandover-succinct,andassumelevelsofknowledgewhichareuncommonoutsideacademic circles. It is for such groups that this new book, by a committed and passionate academic and author with an abiding interest in the professional and practical aspects of geotechnical and foundation engineering, Prof.NainanP.Kurian,willbeparticularlywelcome.Astheauthorstatesinhispreface,notallaspectsof geotechnicalandfoundationengineeringcanbecoveredinasinglebook,buthedoesidentifyanumberof importantareas,sometraditionalandsomemorerecent,onwhichtofocus.Foreachtopicthatheaddresses, heprovidesacleardescription, asetofrelevantreferences, andmostimportantly, excellentdiagramsthat accompanyandilluminatethetext.Theoldadageaboutapicturebeingworthathousandwordsiscertainly operativeinthisbook.Insodoing,hehelpsthereadertoappreciatetheconceptsandunderlyingfundamentals ofthetopic,withoutbecomingoverwhelmedbyequationsandmathematicalderivations. The book covers a number of traditional areas, such as various foundation types, pile foundations, and earth retaining structures, and while it tends to focus on the geotechnical aspects of foundations, it also addresses the structural issues which are an integral part of the design process. The book also highlights, among others, the author’s own contributions in areas such as ‘special piles’ (tapered piles, under-reamed piles and screw piles) and ‘shell foundations’. The latter topic has been his major field of engagement in hislongacademiccareer, culminatinginthefirstbookonthesubject. Thecurrentbookalsotreatsseveral topics that appear infrequently, or not at all, even in contemporary texts. These include geosynthetics, a numberofmoderngroundimprovementmethods(vacuumconsolidation,dynamicconsolidation,soilcrete), piled raft foundations, drilling muds, and cathodic protection for foundations. The final chapter deals with a number of interesting case histories, ranging from very recent cases such as the world’s current tallest building, to one of the world’s oldest, and still enigmatic, group of structures, the pyramids of Egypt. Ihavelongheldtheviewthatourprofessionshouldoccasionallypauseandconsolidateexistingknow- ledge,ratherthanproceedheadlongwithresearchintoareasofdiminishingintellectualandpracticalreturn. Dr.NainanKurian’sbookisanimportantcontributiontothisconsolidationofknowledge.Itisabookthat deservestobereadwidelybypracticingprofessionalsinvolvedingeotechnicalandfoundationengineering, viii Foreword but also one that should be made available to undergraduate and graduate students so that they can better appreciatethecontextinwhich,andthelimitationsof,theiroften-complexcomputeranalysesareundertaken. Importantly, the geotechnical communities in developing countries will stand to benefit by adopting, and perhapsadapting,thenewtechnologiesdescribedinthisbook. Sydney, ProfessorHarryG.Poulos October2012 AM,BE,PhD,DScEng FIEAust,FASCE,M.ACEA,FAA,FTSE CoffeyGeotechnicsandUniversityofSydney Australia Preface This book is essentially an outgrowth of Part II of the author’s earlier book ‘Modern Foundations – AnIntroductiontoAdvancedTechniques’∗(PartIofthisbookcoveringthesubjectofshellfoundationshas alreadyappearedasaseparatetreatiseunderthetitle‘ShellFoundations–Geometry,Analysis,Designand Construction.’∗∗) Quite a substantial body of material has been added to the same to make the treatment as current as possible, much as the author is keenly aware of the fact the title is too ambitious to make suchaclaimeverremainingfulfilledinafastgrowing, technology-drivensubjectasmoderngeotechnical and foundation engineering. A further word may be appropriate at this stage itself as regards the title of thebook.Eventhoughfoundationengineering–especiallyitsgeotechnicalcomponent–isverymuchpart of geotechnical engineering, it has a strong structural component, which hopefully justifies its individual mentioninthetitle. Following from what has been stated above, no claim is made to comprehensiveness, depth or being up-to-date in coverage; indeed, as mentioned, no book under a title of the present kind can ever claim to be so. When it comes to a book, however, one should feel contented at the possibility of timely new editionswhichmaymercifullyremedythissituation. Asregardsthepresentcontents, thebookprovidesa compendiumofkeyreferences,whichshouldenabletheinquisitivereadertopursuehisindividualinterest fromsuchabase. Apublicationofthistypeattemptingtosurveymoderndevelopmentsinavastsubjectarea,isbesetwith morelimitationsthanwhathasbeenhintedatbefore. Besideseverythingelse, itislimitedbytheauthor’s own knowledge of developments in the subject, derived from reading and observations which may have severalgapsandcanbesignificantlyfarfrombeingexhaustive. A very vulnerable aspect indeed is the order of presentation which cannot compete with the same in a textbook, wheretheordertakesmoreorlessaprescribedcourse. Theassortednatureoftopicscoveredin thisbook,spanningtheentiregamutofgeotechnicalengineeringandfoundationengineering,thelatterwith structuralovertones,defiesanorganisationandorderofpresentationonmorelogicalandrationallinesthan whathasbeenattemptedhere. Authorslikemewhoarestronglyconvincedoftheever-present,ever-expandingandnever-endingneed for improving and enhancing the quality of technical communication, would lament the lack of powerful media such as video, which can explain and illustrate far more efficiently and effectively than the printed word,thefunctioningofnewtechnologies,e.g.theplugformationinunder-mudconcreting,protectingthe fresh concrete below, and the rising plug wiping off the mud-coating on the reinforcement. Such media wouldinstructnotonlythestudents,butalsooldprofessionals,enablingthelattertotaketechnicallymore informeddecisions.(Theexampleofthedrillingmudisquotedherebecausetheauthorhasheardofasenior chief engineer for whom it is nothing but dirt and mud which would only ‘spoil’ the concrete, and if he thoughtso,heisindeednottoblameforit!)Thesevideoscanillustratethetheoryinthefirstplace,followed byclippingsfromfieldexamples.Theysupplementthecommunicativevalueofthewrittenwordandcanbe ∗Tata-McGrawHill,NewDelhi,1982 ∗∗NarosaPubl.House,NewDelhi,2006 x Preface attachedtobookssuchasthepresentone.(Theauthor’sbook‘DesignofFoundationsSystems–Principle andPractices’# carriesadetaileddesignsoftwareonaCDwhichplaysasimilarsupplementaryrole.) Whileonthetopicofsupplementingthewrittenword,theauthorfeelsitwouldbemostidealtodevelop animation videos – leveraging the fast-growing field of ‘animation technologies’ which is making giant stridesinthecomputerworld–toillustrateprinciples(e.g. waterpressure>earthpressure)whichwould conveythetechnicalprinciplefarmoreeffectivelybycreatingthenecessary‘feel’forthetopic,whichevery student must acquire. Fields such as ‘dynamic pile testing’ are ripe with these possibilities. (The author hopestoinvolvehimselfinsuchanexerciseinthefuture,withaviewtoproducingthematerialonCDtobe attachedtoafutureeditionofthisandhisearlierbooks.) Thereisnodoubtthat‘knowing’isaprerequisitefor‘doing.’Thisbookisprimarilyaddressedtostudents and professional communities in geotechnical engineering in the developing countries to instruct them on what is relatively new in their field of activity. Developing countries will find themselves in the path of development by imbibing and adapting new relevant technologies from the developed countries of the world,besidesdevelopingtheirownappropriatetechnologiessuitingtheirdevelopmentalneeds.Theauthor hopes that professional communities in the developed countries will also find the book useful to varying degreesdependingupontheirbackgrounds.Theeventualbottomlineisdevelopmenttotheextentwhatthese technologiescancontributetoit. Sincethebookismeantforstudentsatvariousstagesoftheirstudies,andprofessionalsatvariouslevels ofaccomplishments,aconsciousattempthasbeenmadetopresentthetopicsina‘graded’form–theinitial partbeingmeantforundergraduateandpostgraduatestudentsandthesucceedingandfinalpartsforadvanced professionals.Theauthorsincerelyhopesthattheusercommunitywillfindthisawelcomefeature.Research scholarsareexpectedtofindthetopicspresentedasafertilefieldfordevelopingnewideasandorienttheir researchinthosedirections.Arelatedfactoristhatsomeofthereferenceslistedgobeyondwhathasbeen citedinthetext,whichtheadvancedreadermaybeinterestedinpursuing.Summingup,theauthorwould likehiseffortstobeconsideredas‘teaching-at-large,’inanacademicsense. TheauthorhastothankmanyinthepreparationofthisbookandthatincludestheChancellorandother academic authorities of Karunya University, near Coimbatore, for permitting him the ‘extravaganza’ as it were,whichsawthroughapartofthewritingofthisbookduringthecourseofhispart-timeemploymentas visitingprofessorattheUniversity.AspecialwordofthanksisduetoDr.C.Gajendran,hisformercolleague atKarunya,foralltheassistancerenderedbyhiminthecomputer-relatedworkpertainingtotypesettingthe text. The author is indeed thankful to his parent institution, the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, for thefinancialassistancegrantedforpreparingthemanuscriptinthecamera-readyform,asinthecaseofhis earliertwobooks,undertheInstitution’sschemeofassistanceforbookwriting.Awordofthanksisalsodue totheP.S.G.CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,wherehehadabriefstintasanEmeritusProfessorunder theAllIndiaCouncilforTechnicalEducation. The author wishes to place on record his deep sense of gratitude to Professor Harry G. Poulose, the internationally acclaimed academic, author and consultant from Australia, for gracing this book with his Foreword.Hiswordsreflecthisownenthusiasmforthetopicscoveredinthebookandendorsetheauthor’s viewsontheneedforpresentingtheminthetechnologicalscenarioexistingacrosscountriesinthedeveloping world. TheauthortakesgreatpleasureinacknowledgingtheeffortsofhissonMr.RanjitP.Kurian,whoworked as a senior software engineer in Microsoft Corporation at their headquarters in Redmond (near Seattle, WashingtonState),U.S.A.,forscanningandconvertingprintedtextandpdffilesintoworddocuments,and #NarosaPubl.House,NewDelhi,2005
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