Introduction to Mineralogy PDF
Preview Introduction to Mineralogy
.| INTRODUCTION TO ~,| MINERALOGY WILLIAM D. NESSE Introduction to Mineralogy WILLIAM D. NESSE Univers of Norhem Celorade rem Calor New Yark © Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2000 fe Ail Paget Regt wet Clo lem tes bea Sige ‘is Tajo trey Vora aged 205 One iene Peo bis uct ny a avery Cris Cenk Dats tne htbvenin mcs rissa fant os omelasaeo 97 62422 4 For Carl and Erik: Contents Preface PART I: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY Chapter 1: nvoduction 3 Minerals 3 Minerals 4 Mineralogy 4 Iainral Names 4 Ganeral References aa Mineralogy 5 Relurences Cited and Suggestion tor Additional Reading 5 Chapter 2: Crystallography 6 Inuodkction 6 Tianslations' symmetry 6 Ploce tamices 6 Space Laces nd Unt Ce) 7 Biovai tories ond Cotal Syteras Point Symmemy UZ isin 12 fatorian 12 tiersion 12 Compound Symmetry Operations Symmeny Natacon 13 32Painecreups 14 Steno: Low 15 Measurement ot Cytol Angles 1 etemniing Cryst! system ane! ysl Coss? . Space Groups | 17 Chrystal Faces 19 {as ot Holly ard avais Wile indese 19 tncices and Crystal atin che Hexagon! Cyst ‘System 20 osarmining Miter index 22 Assigning Siler Ines by Ingpection ‘exymallographic Diectons 23 Jones 28 w 1s B a me Crystal Forms Trometric Forms orisoric rms 28 Cambie Coto forms 28 Enantvmonhous Forms ond Cryst. Positive una Negatie forms 29 Fors inthe Six Cita Systems 29 Tre Cyatl Sperm 29 ancalie Castel Spstom 30 Oniharambic crstt System 30 Yetraganal Crystal Speer 31 Hexagana! sta stem 31 leometisCyill Sytem 33 Cryst Habit 34 References Cited ane Suggestions tor auu:bunal Reading 38 a Chapter 3: Crystal Chemistry 39 ‘introduction 39 The Nature of Chemical Elements 39 cir 3D Eecrans 39 Fesrmation a fans 41 Abundance ofthe Hemants 45 Chemica! Bonding 45 Yolence Related Banding 46 alain amiang the Voenct-Dependert Bands 51 onde Ne invalvng Vance econ Size of Atoms and tons §5 ‘Dridotion take 54 Ceardination $5 References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading 56 3 Chapter 4 Crystal Structure 57 Introduction 57 Catan of Crystal Structure 57 ‘Srmuire Corals With etic Bonding 57 Stnirtuze Coawols wit Covalent Roncing 54 Srirtre Cool wh Motecwor chica, 58 Sticture Cant with oie Banding 39 vii ‘li Contents Appicotian of Powing’ Rutar 64 urtating Mineral Smuctures, 65 feowtactural Minerals 65 Pelymorphisn 66 Revonsteatve morphism 67 faipizeive olymeptose 6 rderDsorder Pahmarahien 68 Poiypiom 69 Mineral Clarstication 69 ‘Comositonal Variation in Minerals 69 Substutiona Said Stuer! 70 Mingil Fomiuiss 71 Graphic Representation 72 Blnay Biograms 72 Ternary Diagrams 72 References Cited andl Suggestions for Additional Reading 7% Chapter 5: Crystal Growth 74 Inucuction 74 Mini Slabiiyy 74 Stobliy 74 Git Fee Eneegy 18 Miner Reaziont 75 IMinaral Nucleation 77 Harnegeneous xcieation 77 Heeregenesus Nucleon 79 Cyptal Growth 79 ele of Growth 80 Zoned Gystcls 81 Ssret oral Deleels 64 Point Petes BA line Defects 84 Bacon Detects 86 Twinning 87 Postcrystalzaion Processes 7 ‘ring 90 urering 90 hexystaicaion 94 Exsnition 91 Psoadomerptie: 92 facfoactity ond Miners 93 References Cited and Suggestions for Adtional Reading 94 PART tl: MINERAL PROPERTIES, STUDY. AND IDENTIFICATION Chapter 6: Phy Minerals 9: Induction 97 Mass-Dependent Properlies 97 Densay 97 al Properties of Spwuiie Gevty 97 Properliss Related ro Mechanical Cohesion Furdness 99 Jeraciy 100 Chewege 100 ficwtire 107 Pasig 101 Color Luster 102 tight 102 Prteption of Calor 102 Mowat canter 103 ‘varf Color 103 Cobo irom MecharicatCouses 106 Covaistoncy of Minera! Coier 107 Steak 107, lumicescence 107 Maynetism 108 Dramagration 108 Peramagnetien 108 Feromagnetsm 110 Fersmagnatis 110 ect Properties 110 trial Canduri 110, Pieueleticty 211 Prrotetity 112 Misculansous Properties 112 cs Reading 13 ‘Chapter 7: Optical Inngecuctlon 114 Light 144 ore Wines 114 Potoized Ugh 115 Interaction af Light and Maer 116 ‘Optically setrepie versus Anionic ‘eters 118 efetion ond Reacting 117 Dispesion 118 Petragraphic Microscope 118 Muminoter 18 Substage dssarnty 118 ‘ieroseape Stage’ 119 Objective Lenses 119, Upper Poiznzer 120 Sertend lens 120 culars 120 Focusing wechanion 121 secassores 121 Direction Conventions ‘solropie Material. 121 Anisolrpie Minerals 122 Imuerfaence Phenomena 122 (ise uf he ieerterence Calor Chort \eralogy a ees Cited ane Suggestions for Ational 114 126 Contents © be ation 127 feteeoces Che and Sagyestons tor Adana Btn a acs ates 127 fearing. optcalindstix 130 tote date 130 . Chapter 9: Chemical Analysts of nbd oto 131 Minerals 169 Bun deans 8 Invoduton 168 bane Col aad Paco — 136 isco aauh Ise Arai Methods 68 ol aaah 138 Econ habe Meoanatals 199 anil Minas Ray Flcrescanne 17 fatinton Ae ad Sgn of Uonystion 137 Eto fameancs 170 ‘aencionangie 137 = specromeny Sprotriogaton | 138 Cees Rpotng os Categories 6 Banton, | 138 Conversion of Chena Aralses to Structural Econ nto ates 139 earn of Ce patina in Bi Niarts 138 Reference Ce al Suggestions or Adon iveterence gues 139 Ferenc Cie Unies) interference Figures 140. a Sil oerernce ge 143 - strate Retractametry: Measurement of Index of Chapter 10: Strategies for Study 175 teiacton 131 diction 175 teeter Meioo 131 Ww eetcton tas 175 fovectanaryin Pin Seton 155 Mea Sportion 178 ‘np has 86 and ompetaemicoton 4/7 noni ienh 186 Th secon iniecion 170 Dna esis 156 Gai ton tarctenion 179 fell ight Ones 156 Pali Secon tnteon 179 ‘inet lie Plueed ight 157 Setgroihaton V8 Obserwaiive with Crossed Polorizers 157. Mineral Association 179 Tastes for hive denial 137 Diobiamsin Parade "180 Tho Sena tetation 158 Relerences Cited and Sagystins ar Addon Greet ection 8 Renting 180 Pole etn ute 159 References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Realy 158 Chapter &: Introduction to X-Ray Crystallography 160 Introduction 160 Xehaye 160 oy Generoien fay Becton Klay Difraction 162 Powder Method 143, ‘Sample Pregaratinn Instruments) uapt Dela fecuetion 164 Ponder Ditraticn File Bragg Relection ines Minato aenreaian Med Samples 167 Extimatian of Ror nro Abundance Bxination 9 Compostion 168 Determining Unit Cal Parameters 160 142 163 Tea 165 166 6s. 168 PART Ill: MINERAL DESCRIPTIONS Chapter 11: Silicates Introduction 183 Sale Slruclure ane Claseification 183 83 Malic vrnus Febie 186 Igneous Reets 186 age Processes 189 fgncoes trvirrments 180 TengencusSeaimentary Racks 190 Sedinenry Proceazes 191 edimentorytvironmants 193 Metamorphic Hacks 194 ‘Meromarpie vernbles 194 MecerohisProerses 196 etarroroic Grade, Faces, Mineral Zone Bovadavies and grads 126 Mayu: Compostionat Groups of termes Racks 188 ewumorphie Environments 168 19 © Contents References Ched and Suggestions lor Action Reading 200 Chapter 12: Framework Silicates 201 Invoduction 201 Silica Group 201 Quens 202 Thgymite 206 Gireaboite 207 Geel 208 Feldspar Group 208 Cornus 208 Stutlore 208 AVS OrdeDicraer 210 Feschtion inthe Feitgpars 212 Other Fldsparocergranchs | 213 Twinnieg 213 Phgiccse “235 feldspar 220 Feldspaliids "225 epieline 925 Uecite 297 Sedalte 227 Zeolite Grown 228 Seapolte 232 References Cited and Suggestions tar Adationat Reading 234 Chapter 13: Sheet Silleates 235 Inlruduatins 235 Slielure and Clasiicatlon 235 Tet Lape sieotes 237 21 Lope Siearss 287 Pohaynem 239 To simctures (1:1) 239 Serpentine Anugonte, Chie, Lzarare) 739) kaotinte 242 Tor suuctures (21) 242 Tole 242, Pyropbgite 243 TOP Slmseures: Rica Minerals 751) 244 Mfacemte 238 owe 246 Clagenne 248 Tor =e Struceres frie Micas 21) 249 ‘Margarit 249 Gintnnte 250 ToT =OSmucure 257 Chore 251 ‘cay Minerale 252 Stearn and Gagticavion 253 Geoingy af Clap 285 fnvcarign 758 ies 288 ing tne Evironment 257 other Shes seater 257 Silpmorelone 294 Prchrte 250 References Clted and Suggestions for Adina Reading 260) Chapter 14: Chain Silicates 261 Introduction 261 Pyroxene Grow 261 ‘Stuctuee and Chssiearian 261 Geology of Puroxenes 768 Orhonyroxene 265 Eow.Ca.Cinepyrowene 267, Kick Cisopyrozene 268 Aegiine (demite).“egine Augie 269 sere 271 ‘Omebecte 273 Spocumene 273 Pyroxena d Group 774 Inroduction 274 Wollsenie 274 Rodarte 2h Pesioite 276 amphibole ioup 277 Severe ened Cesifetion 277 Ceogy af Amgbieuies 279 Cithomphbate 280 Cumvcingiorte-Cruverte 282 Trrvolte-Ferr-acinate 283 ‘iombinde 285, rane-Ribeckie 287 wes 28 References Cred and Suggestion for Adina Reading 289 Chapter 15: Disilicates and Ring Silicates 297 Discates 291 ‘Stacture and Oossficaion 291 zoisne 293 Cinczoniepivute 294 ‘Monte 297 towzonte 298 Pumpetite "299 Ring Seater 300 Stnictre ona Caeiiation 300 Regi 300 Coviiecke 302 Teurmuilne 303 Refeierces Cite and Suggestions for Adipna Rewiny 305 Chapter 16: Orthosillcates 306 Introduction 306 Ouine Group 306 Garuel Group 310 ‘Bivont 312 kaminunn Sia, 314 Andilisie 318 Simone 318 fyacte 313 Stavraite 319 Ghontoit 321 Mowe 322 fopoz 325 References Cite andl Suggestions fur Aduiional Reming 325 ‘Chapter 17: Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Tungstates, Molybdates, and Borates 326 Ssruerure andl Classification 326 Caranates 326 Riamboliedal Carbontes (Calle and Dolomite Groups) 327 Cotcie 329 Magnaste 331 Serte 332, Whedtochesite 338 Delomitevnterke 334 aragonite Group 235 ragenite 336 Witherte 337 Stroniante 338 oft Buiriny Carbunates 239° Mache 339 seule 340 Suites 340 Gypuen 341 Aetarte 344 Bante 345 Phosphate: 346 wapaite 346 Menaste 249) Keveime 350 Tourquolse 331 TTungrates and Malyedates 352 Borater 354 References Cited andl Suggestions for Aelia Reading 355 Chapter 18: Oxides, Hydroxides, and'Halides "356 Ineioduchon 356 Oxides 356 XO Group 356 Contents ¢ xd Capra 356 ke 457 XO Gros 458 WO, Minerals 388 Sn Grup 388 Mogrenie” 360 Chromite 361 Spine Series 362 Chnsoven! 363 %:03 Group 363 emote 368 Cocand 365 timente 366 XO, Group 387 Rusia 367 Cossterte 368 Gioninte 368 Hydrosldes 370 Bruce 371 tron Hyomside Minerals $71 Aluminum ryaroside Miveras 372 Manganese Oxide ond HyeroWoe ‘Miverais 372 slides 374 Hale 374 Spite 576 Tisonte “376 References Cited andl Suggests lr Addin Reading 377 Chapter 19: Sulfides and Related Minerals 378 Inrecuction 378 Ciystol Cheriey and Cesiieation 378 Sulfide Paagenesis 178 Hydeethormot Deposis $79 Sapergene Processes $80 Sule Minerals 382 Spicente 38? Galena 385 Pyebiote 286 Chateqpynte 387 Ginnubor 388 Prite 349 Morcoste 390 Moijedente 391 392 302 Covsite 203 Sulfarsonides 394 Ancnopyite 395 Anenides 395 Telluride: 308 Fuferences Cited and Suggestions for Addtional Fowcing 386
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