Introduction to materials science for engineers

701 Pages·60.36 MB·English

by  Shackelford, James F

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Constants and Conversion FaCtors
Constants Conversion Factors
Avogadro’s number, NA 0.6023 * 1024 mol-1 Length 1 meter = 1010A∘ = 109 nm
Atomic mass unit, amu 1.661 * 10-24 g = 3.281 ft
Electric permittivity of a 8.854 * 10-12 C/(V # m) = 39.37 in.
vacuum, P0 Mass 1 kilogram = 2.205 lbm
Electron mass 0.9110 * 10-27 g Force 1 newton = 0.2248 lb
f
Elementary charge, e 0.1602 * 10-18 C Pressure 1 pascal = 1 N/m2
#
Gas constant, R 8.314 J/(mol K# ) = 0.1019 * 10-6 kgf /mm2
1.987 cal/(mol K) = 9.869 * 10-6 atm
Boltzmann’s constant, k 13.81 * 10-24 J/K = 0.1450 * 10-3 lbf /in.2
86.20 * 10-6 eV/K Viscosity 1 Pa # s = 10 poise
Planck’s constant, h 0.6626 * 10-33 J # s Energy 1 joule = 1 W # s
#
Speed of light (in vacuum), c 0.2998 * 109 m/s = 1 N m
Bohr magneton, mB 9.274 * 10-24 A # m2 = 1 V # C
= 0.2389 cal
= 6.242 * 1018 eV
SI Prefixes = 0.7377 ft lb
f
giga, G 109 Temperature °C = K - 273
mega, M 106 = (°F - 32) 1.8
kilo, k 103 Current 1 ampere = 1 C/s
milli, m 10-3 = 1 V/Ω >
micro, m 10-6
nano, n 10-9
pico, p 10-12
PeriodiC table oF tHe eleMents
I A 0
1 2
H He
1.008 II A III A IV A V A VI A VII A 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 VIII 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 III B IV B V B VI B VII B I B II B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.71 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 98.91 101.07 102.91 106.4 107.87 112.4 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.30
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.22 195.09 196.97 200.59 204.37 207.2 208.98 (210) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg
(223) 226.03 (227) (261) (262) (266)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.4 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (254) (257) (258) (259) (260)
CVR_SHAC3403_08_GE_EP.INDD 1 2/18/15 4:34 PM
a
atoMiC and ioniC radii oF seleCted eleMents
Atomic radius Ionic radius
Atomic number Symbol (nm) Ion (nm)
3 Li 0.152 Li+ 0.078
4 Be 0.114 Be2+ 0.054
5 B 0.097 B3+ 0.02
6 C 0.077 C4+ 6 0.02
7 N 0.071 N5+ 0.01–0.02
8 O 0.060 O2- 0.132
9 F — F- 0.133
11 Na 0.186 Na+ 0.098
12 Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.078
13 Al 0.143 Al3+ 0.057
14 Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.039
15 P 0.109 P5+ 0.03–0.04
16 S 0.106 S2- 0.174
17 Cl 0.107 Cl- 0.181
19 K 0.231 K+ 0.133
20 Ca 0.197 Ca2+ 0.106
21 Sc 0.160 Sc2+ 0.083
22 Ti 0.147 Ti4+ 0.064
23 V 0.132 V4+ 0.061
24 Cr 0.125 Cr3+ 0.064
25 Mn 0.112 Mn2+ 0.091
26 Fe 0.124 Fe2+ 0.087
27 Co 0.125 Co2+ 0.082
28 Ni 0.125 Ni2+ 0.078
29 Cu 0.128 Cu+ 0.096
30 Zn 0.133 Zn2+ 0.083
31 Ga 0.135 Ga3+ 0.062
32 Ge 0.122 Ge4+ 0.044
35 Br 0.119 Br- 0.196
39 Y 0.181 Y3+ 0.106
40 Zr 0.158 Zr4+ 0.087
41 Nb 0.143 Nb4+ 0.074
42 Mo 0.136 Mo4+ 0.068
46 Pd 0.137 Pd2+ 0.050
47 Ag 0.144 Ag+ 0.113
48 Cd 0.150 Cd2+ 0.103
50 Sn 0.158 Sn4+ 0.074
53 I 0.136 I- 0.220
55 Cs 0.265 Cs+ 0.165
56 Ba 0.217 Ba2+ 0.143
74 W 0.137 W4+ 0.068
78 Pt 0.138 Pt2+ 0.052
79 Au 0.144 Au+ 0.137
80 Hg 0.150 Hg2+ 0.112
82 Pb 0.175 Pb2+ 0.132
92 U 0.138 U4+ 0.105
aFor a complete listing, see Appendix 2.
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a
PHYsiCal and CHeMiCal data For seleCted eleMents
Density of Crystal
Atomic Atomic mass solid (at 20°C) structure Melting point Atomic
number Element Symbol (amu) (Mg/m3 = g/cm3) (at 20°C) (°C) number
1 Hydrogen H 1.008 -259.34 (T.P.) 1
2 Helium He 4.003 -271.69 2
3 Lithium Li 6.941 0.533 bcc 180.6 3
4 Beryllium Be 9.012 1.85 hcp 1,289 4
5 Boron B 10.81 2.47 2,092 5
6 Carbon C 12.01 2.27 hex. 3,826 (S.P.) 6
7 Nitrogen N 14.01 -210.0042 (T.P.) 7
8 Oxygen O 16.00 -218.789 (T.P.) 8
9 Fluorine F 19.00 -219.67 (T.P.) 9
10 Neon Ne 20.18 -248.587 (T.P.) 10
11 Sodium Na 22.99 0.966 bcc 97.8 11
12 Magnesium Mg 24.31 1.74 hcp 650 12
13 Aluminum Al 26.98 2.70 fcc 660.452 13
14 Silicon Si 28.09 2.33 dia. cub. 1,414 14
15 Phosphorus P 30.97 1.82 ortho. 44.14 15
(white) (white)
16 Sulfur S 32.06 2.09 ortho. 115.22 16
17 Chlorine Cl 35.45 -100.97 (T.P.) 17
18 Argon Ar 39.95 -189.352 (T.P.) 18
19 Potassium K 39.10 0.862 bcc 63.71 19
20 Calcium Ca 40.08 1.53 fcc 842 20
21 Scandium Sc 44.96 2.99 fcc 1,541 21
22 Titanium Ti 47.90 4.51 hcp 1,670 22
23 Vanadium V 50.94 6.09 bcc 1,910 23
24 Chromium Cr 52.00 7.19 bcc 1,863 24
25 Manganese Mn 54.94 7.47 cubic 1,246 25
26 Iron Fe 55.85 7.87 bcc 1,538 26
27 Cobalt Co 58.93 8.8 hcp 1,495 27
28 Nickel Ni 58.71 8.91 fcc 1,455 28
29 Copper Cu 63.55 8.93 fcc 1,084.87 29
30 Zinc Zn 65.38 7.13 hcp 419.58 30
31 Gallium Ga 69.72 5.91 ortho. 29.7741 (T.P.) 31
32 Germanium Ge 72.59 5.32 dia. cub. 938.3 32
33 Arsenic As 74.92 5.78 rhomb. 603 (S.P.) 33
34 Selenium Se 78.96 4.81 hex. 221 34
35 Bromine Br 79.90 -7.25 (T.P.) 35
36 Krypton Kr 83.80 -157.385 36
37 Rubidium Rb 85.47 1.53 bcc 39.48 37
38 Strontium Sr 87.62 2.58 fcc 769 38
39 Yttrium Y 88.91 4.48 hcp 1,522 39
40 Zirconium Zr 91.22 6.51 hcp 1,855 40
41 Niobium Nb 92.91 8.58 bcc 2,469 41
42 Molybdenum Mo 95.94 10.22 bcc 2,623 42
aFor a complete listing, see Appendix 1.
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Density of Crystal
Atomic Atomic mass solid (at 20°C) structure Melting point Atomic
number Element Symbol (amu) (Mg/m3 = g/cm3) (at 20°C) (°C) number
43 Technetium Tc 98.91 11.50 hcp 2,204 43
44 Ruthenium Ru 101.07 12.36 hcp 2,334 44
45 Rhodium Rh 102.91 12.42 fcc 1,963 45
46 Palladium Pd 106.4 12.00 fcc 1,555 46
47 Silver Ag 107.87 10.50 fcc 961.93 47
48 Cadmium Cd 112.4 8.65 hcp 321.108 48
49 Indium In 114.82 7.29 fct 156.634 49
50 Tin Sn 118.69 7.29 bct 231.9681 50
51 Antimony Sb 121.75 6.69 rhomb. 630.755 51
52 Tellurium Te 127.60 6.25 hex. 449.57 52
53 Iodine I 126.90 4.95 ortho. 113.6 (T.P.) 53
54 Xenon Xe 131.30 -111.7582 (T.P.) 54
55 Cesium Cs 132.91 1.91 bcc 28.39 55
(-10°)
56 Barium Ba 137.33 3.59 bcc 729 56
57 Lanthanum La 138.91 6.17 hex. 918 57
58 Cerium Ce 140.12 6.77 fcc 798 58
59 Praseodymium Pr 140.91 6.78 hex. 931 59
60 Neodymium Nd 144.24 7.00 hex. 1,021 60
61 Promethium Pm (145) hex. 1,042 61
62 Samarium Sm 150.40 7.54 rhomb. 1,074 62
63 Europium Eu 151.96 5.25 bcc 822 63
64 Gadolinium Gd 157.25 7.87 hcp 1,313 64
65 Terbium Tb 158.93 8.27 hcp 1,356 65
66 Dysprosium Dy 162.50 8.53 hcp 1,412 66
67 Holmium Ho 164.93 8.80 hcp 1,474 67
68 Erbium Er 167.26 9.04 hcp 1,529 68
69 Thulium Tm 168.93 9.33 hcp 1,545 69
70 Ytterbium Yb 173.04 6.97 fcc 819 70
71 Lutetium Lu 174.97 9.84 hcp 1,663 71
72 Hafnium Hf 178.49 13.28 hcp 2,231 72
73 Tantalum Ta 180.95 16.67 bcc 3,020 73
74 Tungsten W 183.85 19.25 bcc 3,422 74
75 Rhenium Re 186.20 21.02 hcp 3,186 75
76 Osmium Os 190.20 22.58 hcp 3,033 76
77 Iridium Ir 192.22 22.55 fcc 2,447 77
78 Platinum Pt 195.09 21.44 fcc 1,769.0 78
79 Gold Au 196.97 19.28 fcc 1,064.43 79
80 Mercury Hg 200.59 -38.836 80
81 Thallium Tl 204.37 11.87 hcp 304 81
82 Lead Pb 207.20 11.34 fcc 327.502 82
83 Bismuth Bi 208.98 9.80 rhomb. 271.442 83
92 Uranium U 238.03 19.05 ortho. 1,135 92
CVR_SHAC3403_08_GE_EP.INDD 4 2/18/15 4:34 PM
eIgHtH eDItIon | gloBal eDItIon
Introduction to
MaterIals scIence
for engIneers
James F. Shackelford
University of California, Davis
Boston columbus Indianapolis new York san francisco Hoboken
amsterdam cape town Dubai london Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal toronto
Delhi Mexico city são Paulo sydney Hong Kong seoul singapore taipei tokyo
A01_SHAC3403_08_GE_FM.INDD 1 2/19/15 12:51 AM
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© Pearson Education Limited 2016
The right of James F. Shackelford to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 8th edition, ISBN 978-0-13-
382665-4, by James F. Shackelford, published by Pearson Education © 2015.
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-273-79340-3
ISBN 13: 978-0-273-79340-3
Typeset in 10/12 Times Ten LT Std Roman by Jouve.
Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in the Unites States of America
A01_SHAC3403_08_GE_FM.INDD 2 2/19/15 12:51 AM
Dedicated to Penelope, Scott, Megumi, and Mia
A01_SHAC3403_08_GE_FM.INDD 3 2/19/15 12:51 AM
A01_SHAC3403_08_GE_FM.INDD 4 2/19/15 12:51 AM
contents
Preface 9 3.4 Polymeric structures 92
3.5 semiconductor structures 93
About the Author 16 3.6 lattice Positions, Directions, and Planes 97
3.7 x- ray Diffraction 109
1 Materials for Engineering 17

4 Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline
1.1 the Material World 17
Structure— Imperfection 120
1.2 Materials science and engineering 18
1.3 six Materials that changed Your World 19
4.1 the solid solution— chemical Imperfection 120
steel BrIDges— IntroDucIng Metals 19 4.2 Point Defects— Zero- Dimensional
lucalox laMPs— IntroDucIng ceraMIcs 20 Imperfections 126
oPtIcal fIBers— IntroDucIng glasses 25
4.3 linear Defects, or Dislocations— one- Dimensional
nYlon ParacHutes— IntroDucIng PolYMers 26
Imperfections 128
Kevlar®-reInforceD tIres— IntroDucIng
4.4 Planar Defects— two- Dimensional
coMPosItes 29
Imperfections 130
sIlIcon cHIPs— IntroDucIng seMIconDuctors 30
1.4 Processing and selecting Materials 31 4.5 noncrystalline solids— three- Dimensional
Imperfections 134
1.5 looking at Materials by Powers of ten 33
5 Diffusion 142
the Fundamentals
PArt I
5.1 thermally activated Processes 142
2 Atomic Bonding 39 5.2 thermal Production of Point Defects 146
5.3 Point Defects and solid- state Diffusion 148
2.1 atomic structure 39 5.4 steady- state Diffusion 158
2.2 the Ionic Bond 45 5.5 alternate Diffusion Paths 162
coorDInatIon nuMBer 49
2.3 the covalent Bond 57 6 Mechanical Behavior 168
2.4 the Metallic Bond 63
2.5 the secondary, or van der Waals, Bond 65 6.1 stress versus strain 168
2.6 Materials— the Bonding classification 68 Metals 169
ceraMIcs anD glasses 180
3 Crystalline Structure— Perfection 75 PolYMers 184
6.2 elastic Deformation 189
3.1 seven systems and fourteen lattices 75 6.3 Plastic Deformation 190
3.2 Metal structures 79 6.4 Hardness 197
3.3 ceramic structures 83 6.5 creep and stress relaxation 201
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