Introduction to learning and behavior PDF
Preview Introduction to learning and behavior
Introduction to Learning and Behavior Fourth Edition RUSSELL A. POWELL Grant MacEwan University P. LYNNE HONEY Grant MacEwan University DIANE G. SYMBALUK Grant MacEwan University Australia(cid:129)Brazil(cid:129)Japan(cid:129)Korea(cid:129)Mexico(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Spain(cid:129)UnitedKingdom(cid:129)UnitedStates Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. IntroductiontoLearningand ©2013,2009,2005Wadsworth,CengageLearning Behavior,FourthEdition RussellA.Powell, ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythe P.LynneHoneyandDianeG. copyrighthereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,stored,orused Symbaluk inanyformorbyanymeansgraphic,electronic,ormechanical, includingbutnotlimitedtophotocopying,recording,scanning, Publisher:Jon-DavidHague digitizing,taping,Webdistribution,informationnetworks,or informationstorageandretrievalsystems,exceptaspermitted EditorialAssistant:Travis underSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct, Holland withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. AssistantEditor:Jessica Alderman Forproductinformationandtechnologyassistance,contactusat MediaEditor:NoelMary CengageLearningCustomer&SalesSupport,1-800-354-9706. MarketingManager:SeanFoy Forpermissiontousematerialfromthistextorproduct, submitallrequestsonlineatwww.cengage.com/permissions. 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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. To parents, mentors, and students who shaped our behavior so well as to make this book a reality. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents PREFACE xv ABOUTTHEAUTHORS xxiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 Research Methods 51 CHAPTER 3 Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning 95 CHAPTER 4 Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities 134 CHAPTER 5 Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications 174 CHAPTER 6 Operant Conditioning: Introduction 222 CHAPTER 7 Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement 269 CHAPTER 8 Extinction and Stimulus Control 308 CHAPTER 9 Escape, Avoidance, and Punishment 350 CHAPTER10 Choice, Matching, and Self-Control 391 CHAPTER11 ObservationalLearningandRule-GovernedBehavior 434 CHAPTER12 Biological Dispositions in Learning 472 CHAPTER13 Comparative Cognition 508 GLOSSARY 557 REFERENCES 569 INDEX 597 iv Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Preface xv About the Authors xxiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 AND FURTHERMORE: Notation for Conditioning Diagrams 4 Historical Background 6 Aristotle: Empiricism and the Laws of Association 6 Descartes: Mind–Body Dualism and the Reflex 8 The British Empiricists 8 Structuralism: The Experimental Study of Human Consciousness 9 Functionalism: The Study of the Adaptive Mind 10 The Theory of Evolution: Humans as Animals 11 Behaviorism: The Study of Observable Behavior 12 AND FURTHERMORE: John B. Watson: Behaviorism’s Controversial Founder 15 Five Schools of Behaviorism 16 Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism 16 AND FURTHERMORE: Deliberate Practice and Expert Performance 19 Hull’s Neobehaviorism 21 Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism 23 AND FURTHERMORE: How to Read Graphs 26 Bandura’s Social Learning Theory 28 Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism 30 ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN 38 AND FURTHERMORE: The Life of B. F. Skinner 39 Summary 42 Suggested Readings 43 Study Questions 43 v Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi Contents Concept Review 44 Chapter Test 46 Answers to Chapter Test 50 CHAPTER 2 Research Methods 51 Basic Terms and Definitions 52 Independent and Dependent Variables 52 Functional Relationships 53 Stimulus and Response 54 Overt and Covert Behavior 55 Appetitive and Aversive Stimuli 55 Establishing Operations: Deprivation and Satiation 57 Contiguity and Contingency 57 Measurement of Behavior 59 Behavioral Definitions 59 Recording Methods 60 Assessing Reliability 65 Research Designs 66 Descriptive Research 66 Experimental Research 69 ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN 83 Use of Animals in Behavioral Research 84 AND FURTHERMORE: Cruel Starvation or a Healthy Diet: The Ethics of Food Restriction 86 Summary 87 Suggested Readings 88 Study Questions 89 Concept Review 90 Chapter Test 92 Answers to Chapter Test 94 CHAPTER 3 Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning 95 Elicited Behaviors 96 Reflexes 96 Fixed Action Patterns 98 Simple Mechanisms of Learning 100 Habituation and Sensitization 100 Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion 104 Classical Conditioning 109 ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN 110 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents vii Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning 111 Basic Procedure and Definitions 112 Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning 117 AND FURTHERMORE: Classical Conditioning and Interpersonal Attraction 121 Excitatory and Inhibitory Conditioning 121 Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli 123 Summary 126 Suggested Readings 127 Study Questions 128 Concept Review 128 Chapter Test 129 Answers to Chapter Test 132 CHAPTER 4 Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities 134 Some Basic Conditioning Phenomena 135 Acquisition 135 Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Disinhibition 136 Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination 140 Discrimination Training and Experimental Neurosis 142 Two Extensions to Classical Conditioning 145 Higher-Order Conditioning 145 Sensory Preconditioning 148 AND FURTHERMORE: When Celebrities Misbehave 149 Three Examples of Specificity in Classical Conditioning 153 Overshadowing 153 Blocking 155 Latent Inhibition 157 ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN 160 Additional Phenomena 160 Temporal Conditioning 160 Occasion Setting 161 External Inhibition 162 US Revaluation 163 Pseudoconditioning 165 Summary 167 Suggested Readings 168 Study Questions 168 Concept Review 169 Chapter Test 170 Answers to Chapter Test 173 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Contents CHAPTER 5 Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications 174 Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning 175 S-S Versus S-R Learning 175 Stimulus-Substitution Versus Preparatory-Response Theory 176 Compensatory–Response Model 178 AND FURTHERMORE: Conditioned Compensatory Responses and Drug Overdose 183 Rescorla–Wagner Theory 185 ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN 188 Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning 190 Understanding Phobias 190 AND FURTHERMORE: Little Albert: Lost or Found? 193 Treating Phobias 201 AND FURTHERMORE: Was Sigmund Freud a Behavior Analyst? 207 Aversion Therapy for Eliminating Problem Behaviors 209 Medical Applications of Classical Conditioning 211 AND FURTHERMORE: Classical Conditioning, Gulf War Syndrome, and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity 213 Summary 215 Suggested Readings 216 Study Questions 216 Concept Review 217 Chapter Test 218 Answers to Chapter Test 221 CHAPTER 6 Operant Conditioning: Introduction 222 Historical Background 224 Thorndike’s Law of Effect 224 Skinner’s Selection by Consequences 226 Operant Conditioning 228 Operant Behavior 229 Operant Consequences: Reinforcers and Punishers 231 Operant Antecedents: Discriminative Stimuli 234 Four Types of Contingencies 238 Positive Reinforcement 240 Negative Reinforcement 240 Positive Punishment 242 Negative Punishment 243 AND FURTHERMORE: Four Types of Contingencies: Tricky Examples 245 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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