Introduction to Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems

583 Pages·2012·39.85 MB·English

by  Ronald G. Driggers

Driggers
This newly revised and thoroughly updated edition of a classic Artech House book
Friedman
offers a current and complete introduction to the analysis and design of electro-
INTRODUCTION TO
optical (EO) imaging systems. This second edition provides numerous updates and Nichols
brand-new coverage of today’s most important areas, including the integrated
spatial frequency approach and a focus on the weapons of terrorists as objects of IIN INFRARED
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interest. T
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This comprehensive reference details the principles and components of the linear RO
shift-invariant (LSI) infrared and electro-optical systems and shows how to combine AD ELECTRO-
this approach with calculus and domain transformations to achieve a successful U
imaging system analysis. Ultimately, the steps described in this book lead to results in RC
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quantitative characterizations of performance metrics, such as modulation transfer EI
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functions, minimum resolvable temperature difference, minimum resolvable con-
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trast, and probability of object discrimination. N OPTICAL

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The book includes an introduction to two-dimensional functions and mathematics n O
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that can be used to describe image transfer characteristics and imaging system
components. Professionals also learn diffraction concepts of coherent and inco- E S Y S T E M S
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herent imaging systems that show the fundamental limits of their performance. By
E
using the evaluation procedures contained in this desktop reference, practitioners
become capable of predicting both sensor test and field performance and quanti- C
fying the effects of component variations. This practical resource includes over 780
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time-saving equations. S E C O N D E D I T I O N
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Ronald G. Driggers is the superintendent of the Optical Sciences Division of the
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. He was previously director of the Modeling and
-
Simulation Division at the U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, O
where he provided electro-optical and infrared research on performance model-
P
ing. Dr. Driggers received his Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. degrees from the University of
Memphis. T
I
C
Melvin H. Friedman is a senior physicist in the Modeling and Simulation Division
of the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate. He is the primary inventor of
A
eight patents and has more than forty years of experience, having worked in the
fields of nuclear physics, neutron activation analysis, automation, scanning electron L
microscopy, land-mine detection, development of intelligence gathering sensors,
S
and search and modeling of electro-optical sensors. Dr. Friedman received his
Y
Ph.D. in physics from Carnegie-Mellon University and M.S.s in computer science and
electrical engineering from Johns Hopkins University. S
T
Jonathan M. Nichols works for the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. E
as a member of the Maritime Sensing Section in the Optical Sciences Division. His M
research interests include the modeling and analysis of infrared imaging devices,
signal and image processing, and parameter estimation. He received his B.Sc. S
from the University of Delaware and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Duke University, all in
mechanical engineering. ES
DE
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I
Include bar code TO
I
ON
ISBN 13: 978-1-60807-100-5 ND
ISBN 10: 1-60807-100-6
Ronald G. Driggers • Melvin H. Friedman • Jonathan M. Nichols
BOSTON LONDON
www.artechhouse.com
Introduction to Infrared and
Electro-Optical Systems
Second Edition
For a listing of recent titles in the Artech
Optoelectronics and Applied Optics Series, turn to the back of this book.
Introduction to Infrared and
Electro-Optical Systems
Second Edition
Ronald G. Driggers
Melvin H. Friedman
Jonathan Nichols
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-60807-100-5
Cover design by Vicki Kane
© 2012 Artech House
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part
of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the
accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded
as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to Bernard and Phillip Friedman who gave direction and pur-
pose to my life when I was a young boy. You are loved and will never be forgotten.
Your loving brother,
Mel
It is also dedicated to the memory of Jill McGregor who picked me up when I was
down and made me want to be a better person.
Your forever boyfriend,
Ron

Contents
Preface xiii
ChaptEr 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction to Imaging 2
1.2 Infrared and EO Systems 3
1.3 Wavelength Dependencies 4
1.4 Typical EO Scenario 6
1.5 Typical Infrared Scenario 7
1.6 Analytical Parameters 8
1.7 Sensitivity and Resolution 9
1.8 Linear Systems Approach 10
1.9 Summary 12
1.10 Guide to the References 13
References 13
ChaptEr 2
Mathematics 15
2.1 Complex Functions 15
2.2 Common One-Dimensional Functions 17
2.3 Two-Dimensional Functions 20
2.4 Convolution and Correlation 22
2.5 The Fourier Transform 27
2.6 Properties of the Fourier Transform 29
2.7 Transform Pairs 30
2.8 Probability 33
2.9 Important Examples 37
2.10 Guide to the References 39
2.11 Exercises 39
References 42
Software 42
ChaptEr 3
Linear Shift-Invariant Systems 45
3.1 Linear Systems 47
3.2 Shift Invariance 48
3.3 Basics of LSI Systems 48
3.4 Impulse Response 50
vii
viii Contents
3.5 Transfer Function 55
3.6 System PSF and MTF Versus Component PSF and MTF 58
3.7 Spatial Sampling 59
3.8 Spatial Sampling and Resolution 62
3.9 Sampled Imaging Systems 64
3.10 Guide to the References 69
3.11 Exercises 69
References 71
ChaptEr 4
Diffraction 73
4.1 Electromagnetic Waves 74
4.2 Coherence 77
4.3 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction from an Aperture 82
4.4 Fraunhofer Diffraction from a Thin Lens 87
4.5 Thin Lens Optical System Diffraction PSF 88
4.6 Thin Lens Diffraction MTF 91
4.7 Calculating Diffraction MTF with Pencil and Paper 96
4.8 Programs for Calculating Incoherent Diffraction MTF 97
4.9 Applications of Diffraction Theory 108
4.10 Exercises 113
References 116
ChaptEr 5
Sources of Radiation 117
5.1 Radiometry and Photometry 118
5.2 Infrared Targets and Backgrounds 125
5.3 Electro-Optical Targets and Backgrounds 135
5.4 Other Sensitivity Considerations 142
5.5 Target and Background Spatial Characteristics 143
5.6 Typical Midwave and Longwave Contrasts and Solar Effects 152
5.7 Exercises 159
References 161
ChaptEr 6
Atmospherics 163
6.1 Atmospheric Components and Structure 163
6.2 Atmospheric Transmission 166
6.3 Absorption 168
6.4 Scattering 170
6.5 Path Radiance 173
6.6 Turbulence 173
6.7 Atmospheric MTF 177
6.8 Models 179
6.9 Model Discussion 181
Contents ix
6.10 Some Practical Considerations 183
6.11 Exercises 186
References 186
ChaptEr 7
Optics 189
7.1 Light Representation and the Optical Path Length 189
7.2 Reflection and Snell’s Law of Refraction 191
7.3 The Thin Lens Ray-Tracing Rules and Gauss’s Equation 193
7.4 Spherical Mirrors 203
7.5 Modeling the Thick Lens 205
7.6 Vergence 208
7.7 Multiple-Lens Systems 213
7.8 Field of View 215
7.9 Resolution 218
7.10 Aperture Stop, Pupils, and Rays 221
7.11 The f-Number and Numerical Aperture 224
7.12 Telescopes and Angular Magnification 236
7.13 Modulation Transfer Function 245
7.14 Aberrations 250
7.15 Optical Materials 252
7.16 Cold Stop and Cold Shield 253
7.17 A Typical Optical System 253
7.18 Diffraction Blur 256
7.19 Guide To the References 258
7.20 Exercises 259
References 262
ChaptEr 8
Detectors 265
8.1 Types of Detectors 265
8.2 Photon Detectors 267
8.3 Thermal Detectors 272
8.4 Charge-Coupled Devices 275
8.5 Detector Responsivity 276
8.6 Detector Sensitivity 278
8.7 Detector Angular Subtense 285
8.8 Scanning Configurations and Implementations 287
8.9 Detector Transfer Functions 292
8.10 Infrared Detectors 296
8.11 Electro-Optical Systems 298
8.12 Noise 299
8.13 Basic Background-Limited Infrared Photodetection 300
8.14 New Infrared Detector Arrays 301
8.15 Exercises 305
References 306