Introduction to Glass Science: Proceedings of a Tutorial Symposium held at the State University of New York, College of Ceramics at Alfred University, Alfred, New York, June 8–19, 1970

717 Pages·1972·8.36 MB·English

by  L. David Pye (auth.)

INTRODUCTION TO
GLASS SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION TO
GLASS SCIENCE
Proceedings of a Tutorial Symposium held at the
State University of New York, College of Ceramics
at Alfred University, Alfred, New York, June 8-19,1970
Edited by
L. D. Pye, H. J. Stevens, and W. C. LaCourse
Division of Engineering/Science
State University of New York
College of Ceramics at Alfred University
Alfred, New York
~PLENUM PRESS-NEW YORK-LONDON-1972
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-76933
ISBN 978-1-4757-0330-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-0328-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0328-3
© 1972 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint oftbe hardcover 1st edition 1972
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y.10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NW10 6SE, England
All rights reserved
No part of this pUblication may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the publisher
FOREWORD
Glass technologists are fascinated by glass; explora
tion as well as application of glass is expanding and the
influx of documentation is bewildering. There were about
200 papers on just semi conduction in glasses in 1970 and one
has to scan about 200 papers a month to sense the pulse of
glass science. Yet there are many in industry and education
in science or engineering who require or wish to have coher
ent, comprehensive and contemporary information on this
exciting material "glass."
The Tutorial Symposium offered as an Introduction to
Glass Science in Alfred represents an earnest attempt to ful
fill this need. It has been designed to provide both broad
and technical instruction for participants and readers who
are not specialists. Glass is not only a material but a
condition of matter: the vitreous state. The topic, there
fore, is introduced by a careful consideration of the nature
of glass, or the vitreous state. The universality of the
vitreous state is now generally recognized: not just a few,
but very many structures can be obtained without appreciable
crystallization. There is no restricted family of struc
tures characteristic of glass formation: as long as crys
tallization is avoided, every liquid will solidify to a non
crystalline sUbstance. Structural analysis in each case is
now to be postulated and has become increasingly successful.
The Alfred "Introduction to Glass Science" offers a repre
sentative overview of methods and results. The most impor
tant techniques considered are X-ray analysis, infrared and
Raman spectroscopy, electron and nuclear magnetic resonance,
Mossbauer spectroscopy. Analysis alone is rarely successful
in the case of glass structrues and will depend on ingenious
models. The central body of the volume discusses some of
the most important properties of frequently used glasses:
refraction, dispersion, color, strength, fracture, viscosity,
diffusion, electrical properties, surface properties, cor
rosive action.
v
vi FOREWORD
Last, but not least, the new materials melted and shaped
as glasses, but processed and used as crystallized ceramics
are introduced: the glass ceramics. phase separation and
crystallization are treated as the fundamental phenomena of
this new and spreading technique. The tutorial symposium
concludes with hints for laboratory experimenters in glass
melting.
This volume is a contribution of this institution to
the limited amount of introductory texts on glass science.
N. J. Kreidl
Professor of Ceramic Engineering
University of Missouri (Rolla)
PREFACE
Although glass has been used as an artistic medium and
industrial material for centuries it has been only in recent
years that "Glass Science" has emerged as a field of study
in its own right. As is typical of any new field, Glass
Science is currently in a state of rapid development, both
in terms of our fundamental understanding of this material
and in its commercial exploitation. On the other hand,
glasses are complex materials, a fact which has impeded pro
gress in achieving this understanding and exploitation.
Noting this, it is not unreasonable to speculate that, per
haps, the most dramatic advances in this field are yet to
come.
"Introduction to Glass Science" is a logical outgrowth
of the increasing interest in non-crystalline materials.
The book is based on a tutorial symposium held on the campus
of Alfred University in June 1970. The objectives of both
the symposium and this text were to present, in a single
source, an introduction to the broad field of Glass Science.
The material covered encompasses fundamental aspects, from
chemical bonding to mechanical properties, as well as tech
nologically important subjects such as melting and glass
refractory interactions.
Considering the broad subject area covered, this book
should be suitable for introductory courses in the vitreous
state at the senior level. At the same time, however, most
subjects are covered in sufficient depth to render the book
useful to those students and researchers interested in a
particular aspect of glass science.
The authors wish to point out their gratitude and in
debtedness to a number of people who assisted in various
capacities in the presentation of the symposium and the pre
paration of the material included herein. They are Dr. L.
Miles, President of Alfred University, Dr. E. E. Mueller,
Dean of the S.U.N.Y. College of Ceramics at Alfred Univer-
vii
viii PREFACE
sity, Dr. 's H. Kay, C. H. Greene, R. C. Martin, Mr. R. Dodge,
L. Hanks, L. Manfredo, S. Boysen, and R. Kelly.
The authors acknowledge the enormous contribution of
Mr. C. Bloomquist for his skilled duplications of the manu
scripts for distribution at the symposium, as well as his
preparation of the figures and tables appearing in this book.
Similarly, the fine effort extended by Mr. W. Earl in plan
ning and executing the symposium is also pointed out. Typing
of the manuscript by Mrs. D. Snowden, Mrs. J. Franum, and
Mrs. D. . Stevens is also appreciated. The financial assis
tance provided by the State of New York technical services
program is gratefully aCknowledged. Finally, we wish to
thank the contributing authors and Plenum Press for agree
ing to publish the proceedings.
L. D. Pye
H. J. Stevens
W. C. LaCourse
Alfred, N. Y.
May, 1972
CONTENTS
The Vitreous State 1
L. David pye
Chemical Bonding in Non-Crystalline Solids .••..•.•.. 31
Roger Eiss
The Structure of Glass 61
Harold T. Smyth
The Infrared and Raman Spectra of Glasses ..•.•...•.• 101
Robert A. Condrate, Sr.
The Uses of Electron and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
and Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence in
Studies of Glass ..............••..•....•.. 137
R. A. Weeks
General Aspects of the Crystallization of Glass ..... 173
C. G. Bergeron
Phase Separation of Simple Glasses ••..•............. 197
Harrie J. Stevens
concepts of Glass-Ceramics 237
Daniel R. Stewart
The Melting of Glass ............................•.•. 273
E. Lowell Swarts
Experimental Glass Melting Techniques ............... 329
G. E. Blair
Rheological Behavior of Glass .....•................• 343
H. E. Hagy
ix
x CONTENTS
Dispersion, stress-Optical Effects in Glass,
Optical Glasses .......................... 373
Joseph L. Rood
The Development of Colors in Glass ................. 391
Foster L. Harding
The Fractology of Glass 433
V. D. Frechette
The strength of Glass ..... ......................... 451
William C. LaCourse
Surface Chemistry of Glass 513
D. R. Rossington
The Corrosive Nature of Molten Glass ........... .... 545
Vernon L. Burdick
Diffusion Processes in Glass ....................... 563
A. R. Cooper
Electrical Properties of Glass ..................... 583
L. L. Hench and H. F. Schaake
Glass To Metal Seals 661
Richard M. Rulon
Subj ect Index ...................................... 705
Author Index ....................................... 712
The Vitreous state
L. David Pye
SUNY College of Ceramics
at Alfred University
Alfred, N. Y.
AN OVERVIEW
Glass is a versatile and sometimes enigmatic substance.
It functions equally well as a carrier of light, a protec
tor of man and his inventions, an object of art, or an
indispensable tool for the exploration of science. Depend
ing upon composition, it can be made stronger than steell
or soluble in water; a detector of nuclear radiations2 or
the source of a powerful laser beam.3,4 Certain composi
tions are known to possess either negative, zero or posi
tive expansion coefficients. still others are colorless or
black, or even variable in their light transmissive pro
perties.5,6,7 Electrical conductivities can vary from
10-3 - 10_18 ohm-l cm-l with both electronic and ionic type
mechanisms being clearly substantiated. Paramagnetic or
diamagnetic glasses can also be made, depending again upon
choice of composition. Given this enormous diversity of
properties, it is clear as to why the use of glass might
transcend many industries and fields of science. It is
also found in nature. Terrestrial (obsidian), celestial
(tektites) and more recently, lunar varieties have been
identified.
By in large this diversity can be attributed to any or
all of the following factors:
1) The composition of glasses may vary over wide limits
and includes 60 of the chemical elements.
1