Table Of ContentExecutive Editor: Steven Rigolosi
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ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-5528-8
ISBN-10: 1-4292-5528-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930072
© 2012 by W.H. Freeman and Company
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Copyright © 2011 Esri. All rights reserved.
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Introduction to
Geospatial Technologies
Bradley A. Shellito
Youngstown State University
W.H. Freeman and Company d New York
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my parents, David and
Elizabeth, who taught me that with a lot of hard work—
and a little luck—all things are possible.
Contents in Brief
Part 1 Geospatial Data and GPS
1 It’s a Geospatial World Out There 1
2 Where in the Geospatial World Are You? 29
3 Getting Your Data to Match the Map 51
4 F inding Your Location with the Global
Positioning System 73
Part 2 Geographic Information Systems
5 Working With Digital Spatial Data and GIS 99
6 Using GIS for Spatial Analysis 147
7 Using GIS to Make a Map 185
8 Getting There Quicker with Geospatial Technology 223
Part 3 Remote Sensing
9 Remotely Sensed Images from Above 269
10 How Remote Sensing Works 295
11 Images from Space 323
12 Studying the Environment from Space 351
Part 4 Geospatial Applications
13 Digital Landscaping 377
14 See the World in 3D 405
15 What’s Next for Geospatial Technology? 439
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Contents
Preface xi How Can Real-World Data Be Translated
onto a Two-Dimensional Surface? 36
What Is UTM? 39
Part 1 Geospatial Data and GPS
What Is SPCS? 41
Chapter 1
Geospatial Lab Application 2.1
It’s a Geospatial World Out There
Coordinates and Position Measurements 46
An Introduction to Geospatial Technology,
Geospatial Data, Geospatial Jobs, and Google Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
Earth 1 2.1 Do You Really Need Printed Maps in a Digital
World? 36
What Is Geospatial Technology? 1
Hands-on Applications
Who Uses Geospatial Technology? 2
2.1 Great Circle Distance Calculations 33
What Is Geospatial Data? 8
2.2 Examining the Effects of Different Map
What Is Google Earth? 11 Projections 38
What’s All This Have to do with Geography? 13 2.3 Converting from Latitude/Longitude
to UTM 42
Geospatial Lab Application 1.1 2.4 Using the State Plane Coordinate System 44
Introduction to Geospatial Concepts and
Google Earth 15 Chapter 3
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology Getting Your Data to Match the Map
1.1 What Happens to Privacy in a Geospatial Reprojecting, Georeferencing, Control Points,
World? 12
and Transformations 51
Hands-on Applications
How Can You Align Different Geospatial
1.1 Industries Using Geospatial Technology 3
Datasets Together? 51
1.2 Jobs in the Geospatial Field 4
What Is Georeferencing? 53
1.3 Mapping Data Layers Online 10
1.4 Examining Real Estate Values Online 10 How Can Data Be Georeferenced? 55
1.5 The Google Earth Plug-In 12 How Is Data Transformed to a Georeferenced
Format? 58
Chapter 2
Geospatial Lab Application 3.1
Where in the Geospatial World Are You?
Georeferencing an Image 64
Locations in a Digital World, Position
Measurements, Datums, Coordinate Systems, Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
GCS, Map Projections, UTM, and SPCS 29
3.1 What Happens When Measurements Don’t
Match Up? 52
What Is a Datum? 30
3.2 What Happens When the Georeferencing Is
What Is a Geographic Coordinate System? 31
Wrong? 61
vi
Contents
Hands-on Applications How Does GIS Represent Real-World
3.1 David Rumsey Historical Map Collection 54 Items? 101
3.2 Old Maps Online 58 How Can You Represent the Real World as
3.3 Microsoft MapCruncher Gallery 62 Continuous Fields? 106
3.4 An Overview of the Georeferencing Process How Is Non-Spatial Data Handled by GIS? 108
in ArcGIS 62
What Other Kind of Information Do You Need to
Use GIS Data? 112
Chapter 4 What Kinds of GIS Are Available? 113
Finding Your Location with the Global
Geospatial Lab Application 5.1
Positioning System
GIS Introduction: AEJEE Version 119
GPS Origins, Position Measurement, Errors,
Accuracy, GNSS around the World, Applications,
Geospatial Lab Application 5.2
and Geocaching 73
GIS Introduction: ArcGIS Version 130
Who Made GPS? 74
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
What Does the Global Positioning System
5.1 What Happens When You Don’t Have
Consist of? 74
Metadata? 113
How Does GPS Find Your Position? 77
Hands-on Applications
Why Isn’t GPS Perfectly Accurate? 81
5.1 Using GIS Online 101
How Can You Get Better Accuracy from GPS? 83
5.2 ArcGIS Online 102
What Other GNSS Are There Beyond GPS? 86 5.3 USGS Digital Line Graphs 106
What Are Some Applications of GPS? 87 5.4 The National Land Cover Database
(NLCD) 108
Geospatial Lab Application 4.1 5.5 Esri TV 113
5.6 Esri ArcNews, ArcUser, and ArcWatch 117
GPS Applications 91
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
Chapter 6
4.1 What Happens if GPS Stops Working? 88
Using GIS for Spatial Analysis
Hands-on Applications
Database Query and Selection, Buffers, Overlay
4.1 Trilateration Concepts 79
Operations, Geoprocessing Concepts, and
4.2 Things to Do Before You Go Geocaching 89
Modeling with GIS 147
Part 2 Geographic Information How Can Data Be Retrieved From a GIS for
Analysis? 148
Systems
How Can You Perform Basic Spatial Analysis in
Chapter 5 GIS? 151
How Can Multiple Types of Spatial Analysis
Working With Digital Spatial Data and GIS
Operations Be Performed in GIS? 158
Geographic Information Systems, Modeling the
Real World, Vector Data and Raster Data,
Geospatial Lab Application 6.1
Attribute Data, Joining Tables, Metadata, Esri,
and ArcGIS 99 GIS Spatial Analysis: AEJEE Version 164
vii
Contents
Chapter 8
Geospatial Lab Application 6.2
Getting There Quicker with Geospatial
GIS Spatial Analysis: ArcGIS Version 173
Technology
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
Vehicle Navigation Systems, Road Maps in a
6.1 What Are Potential Societal or Policy Impacts
Digital World, Creating a Street Network,
of GIS Models? 163
Geocoding, Shortest Paths, and Street
Hands-on Applications Networks Online 223
6.1 Working with Queries in GIS 151
How Do You Model a Network for Geospatial
6.2 Working with Buffers in GIS 154
Technology? 225
6.3 The Land Transformation Model 162
How Is Address Matching Performed? 229
How Are Shortest Paths Found? 233
Chapter 7
How Are Networks Used in Geospatial
Using GIS to Make a Map
Technology? 237
Scale, Map Elements, Map Layouts, Type,
Thematic Maps, Data Classification Methods, Geospatial Lab Application 8.1
Color Choices, and Digital Map Distribution
Geocoding and Shortest Path Analysis: AEJEE
Formats 185
Version 241
How Does the Scale of the Data Affect the Map
(and Vice Versa)? 186 Geospatial Lab Application 8.2
What Are Some Design Elements Included in Geocoding and Shortest Path Analysis: ArcGIS
Maps? 189 Version 254
How Is Data Displayed on a GIS Map? 192 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
What Kinds of Colors Are Best to Use with GIS 8.1 What Happens When the Maps Are Incorrect? 224
Maps? 197 8.2 What Kind of Issues Come with Google
How Can GIS Maps Be Exported and Street View? 239
Distributed? 198
Hands-on Applications
8.1 TIGER Files Online 227
Geospatial Lab Application 7.1
8.2 Geocoding Using Online Resources 232
GIS Layouts: AEJEE Version 200
8.3 Solve Your Network Problems with Dijkstra 235
8.4 Online Mapping and Routing Applications
Geospatial Lab Application 7.2
and Shortest Paths 236
GIS Layouts: ArcGIS Version 211 8.5 Examining Google Street View 239
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
7.1 Why is Map Design Important? 186 Part 3 Remote Sensing
Hands-on Applications
Chapter 9
7.1 Powers of 10 - A Demonstration
of Scale 188 Remotely Sensed Images from Above
7.2 Typebrewer Online 191
Where Aerial Photography Came from, Color
7.3 Census Bureau Thematic Maps 192 Infrared Photos, Orthophotos, Oblique Photos,
7.4 Interactive Thematic Mapping Online 196 Visual Image Interpretation, and
7.5 ColorBrewer Online 198 Photogrammetric Measurements 269
viii
Contents
How Did Aircraft Photography Develop? 270 Hands-on Applications
What Are the Different Types of Aerial 10.1 V iewing Remotely Sensed Imagery
Photos? 275 Online 296
10.2 Examining NDVI with NASA ICE 306
How Can You Interpret Objects in an Aerial
10.3 Color Tools Online: Color Mixing 309
Image? 280
10.4 Comparing True Color and False Color
How Can You Make Measurements from an
Composites 312
Aerial Photo? 284
Geospatial Lab Application 9.1 Chapter 11
Visual Imagery Interpretation 289 Images from Space
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology Satellite Remote Sensing, Satellite
9.1 How Can UAVs Be Used for Security Orbits, Sensor Resolutions, the Landsat
Purposes? 275 Program, and High-Resolution Satellite
Sensors 323
Hands-on Applications
9.1 World War II Aerial Photography Online 273 How Do Remote Sensing Satellites Collect
9.2 The National Aerial Photography Program 275 Data? 325
9.3 Using MSR Maps for Viewing Aerial Images 279 What Are the Capabilities of a Satellite
9.4 Oblique Imagery on Bing Maps 280 Sensor? 329
What Is a Landsat Satellite and What Does
Chapter 10 It Do? 331
What Satellites Have High-Resolution
How Remote Sensing Works
Sensors? 338
Electromagnetic Energy, the Remote Sensing
Process, Spectral Reflectance, NDVI, Digital Geospatial Lab Application 11.1
Imagery, and Color Composites 295
Landsat Imagery 342
What Is Remote Sensing Actually Sensing? 297
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
What Is the Role of the Atmosphere in Remote
11.1 What Effect Does Satellite Remote Sensing
Sensing? 300 Have on Political Borders? 328
What Happens to Energy When It Hits a Target 11.2 What If There Was No Landsat Data Continuity
on the Ground? 301 Mission? 338
How Can Spectral Reflectance Be Used in Hands-on Applications
Remote Sensing? 303 11.1 Examining Satellite Orbits in Real
How Do You Display a Digital Remotely Sensed Time 326
Image? 306 11.2 Streaming Landsat Imagery 334
11.3 Viewing Landsat Imagery with
Geospatial Lab Application 10.1 GloVis 335
11.4 Applications of Landsat Imagery 337
Remotely Sensed Imagery and Color
11.5 Viewing High-Resolution Satellite
Composites 314
Imagery 340
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
10.1 How Does Remote Sensing Affect Your
Privacy? 302
