Table Of Content

Executive Editor: Steven Rigolosi Director of Marketing: John Britch Media and Supplements Editor: Kerri Russini Editorial Assistant: Stephanie Ellis Art Director, Interior Design, and Cover Design: Diana Blume Illustration Coordinator: Janice Donnola Illustrations: Dragonfly Studio Project Editor: Lisa Kinne Photo Research Manager: Ted Szczepanski Photo Editor and Researcher: Jacqui Wong Director of Production: Ellen Cash Production Coordinator: Paul Rohloff Composition: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Printing and Binding: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-5528-8 ISBN-10: 1-4292-5528-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930072 © 2012 by W.H. Freeman and Company All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing W.H. Freeman and Company 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, England www.whfreeman.com/geography Esri® ArcGIS® software graphical user interfaces, icons/buttons, splash screens, dialog boxes, artwork, emblems, and associated materials are the intellectual property of Esri and are reproduced herein by permission. Copyright © 2011 Esri. All rights reserved. Google Earth, Google Maps, Google Street View, Google SketchUp and any other Google software graphical user interfaces, icons/buttons, splash screens, dialog boxes, artwork, emblems, and associated materials are the intellectual property of Google. Copyright © 2010, 2011 Google. Introduction to Geospatial Technologies Bradley A. Shellito Youngstown State University W.H. Freeman and Company d New York Dedication This book is dedicated to my parents, David and Elizabeth, who taught me that with a lot of hard work— and a little luck—all things are possible. Contents in Brief Part 1 Geospatial Data and GPS 1 It’s a Geospatial World Out There 1 2 Where in the Geospatial World Are You? 29 3 Getting Your Data to Match the Map 51 4 F inding Your Location with the Global Positioning System 73 Part 2 Geographic Information Systems 5 Working With Digital Spatial Data and GIS 99 6 Using GIS for Spatial Analysis 147 7 Using GIS to Make a Map 185 8 Getting There Quicker with Geospatial Technology 223 Part 3 Remote Sensing 9 Remotely Sensed Images from Above 269 10 How Remote Sensing Works 295 11 Images from Space 323 12 Studying the Environment from Space 351 Part 4 Geospatial Applications 13 Digital Landscaping 377 14 See the World in 3D 405 15 What’s Next for Geospatial Technology? 439 This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xi How Can Real-World Data Be Translated onto a Two-Dimensional Surface? 36 What Is UTM? 39 Part 1 Geospatial Data and GPS What Is SPCS? 41 Chapter 1 Geospatial Lab Application 2.1 It’s a Geospatial World Out There Coordinates and Position Measurements 46 An Introduction to Geospatial Technology, Geospatial Data, Geospatial Jobs, and Google Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology Earth 1 2.1 Do You Really Need Printed Maps in a Digital World? 36 What Is Geospatial Technology? 1 Hands-on Applications Who Uses Geospatial Technology? 2 2.1 Great Circle Distance Calculations 33 What Is Geospatial Data? 8 2.2 Examining the Effects of Different Map What Is Google Earth? 11 Projections 38 What’s All This Have to do with Geography? 13 2.3 Converting from Latitude/Longitude to UTM 42 Geospatial Lab Application 1.1 2.4 Using the State Plane Coordinate System 44 Introduction to Geospatial Concepts and Google Earth 15 Chapter 3 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology Getting Your Data to Match the Map 1.1 What Happens to Privacy in a Geospatial Reprojecting, Georeferencing, Control Points, World? 12 and Transformations 51 Hands-on Applications How Can You Align Different Geospatial 1.1 Industries Using Geospatial Technology 3 Datasets Together? 51 1.2 Jobs in the Geospatial Field 4 What Is Georeferencing? 53 1.3 Mapping Data Layers Online 10 1.4 Examining Real Estate Values Online 10 How Can Data Be Georeferenced? 55 1.5 The Google Earth Plug-In 12 How Is Data Transformed to a Georeferenced Format? 58 Chapter 2 Geospatial Lab Application 3.1 Where in the Geospatial World Are You? Georeferencing an Image 64 Locations in a Digital World, Position Measurements, Datums, Coordinate Systems, Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology GCS, Map Projections, UTM, and SPCS 29 3.1 What Happens When Measurements Don’t Match Up? 52 What Is a Datum? 30 3.2 What Happens When the Georeferencing Is What Is a Geographic Coordinate System? 31 Wrong? 61 vi Contents Hands-on Applications How Does GIS Represent Real-World 3.1 David Rumsey Historical Map Collection 54 Items? 101 3.2 Old Maps Online 58 How Can You Represent the Real World as 3.3 Microsoft MapCruncher Gallery 62 Continuous Fields? 106 3.4 An Overview of the Georeferencing Process How Is Non-Spatial Data Handled by GIS? 108 in ArcGIS 62 What Other Kind of Information Do You Need to Use GIS Data? 112 Chapter 4 What Kinds of GIS Are Available? 113 Finding Your Location with the Global Geospatial Lab Application 5.1 Positioning System GIS Introduction: AEJEE Version 119 GPS Origins, Position Measurement, Errors, Accuracy, GNSS around the World, Applications, Geospatial Lab Application 5.2 and Geocaching 73 GIS Introduction: ArcGIS Version 130 Who Made GPS? 74 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology What Does the Global Positioning System 5.1 What Happens When You Don’t Have Consist of? 74 Metadata? 113 How Does GPS Find Your Position? 77 Hands-on Applications Why Isn’t GPS Perfectly Accurate? 81 5.1 Using GIS Online 101 How Can You Get Better Accuracy from GPS? 83 5.2 ArcGIS Online 102 What Other GNSS Are There Beyond GPS? 86 5.3 USGS Digital Line Graphs 106 What Are Some Applications of GPS? 87 5.4 The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 108 Geospatial Lab Application 4.1 5.5 Esri TV 113 5.6 Esri ArcNews, ArcUser, and ArcWatch 117 GPS Applications 91 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology Chapter 6 4.1 What Happens if GPS Stops Working? 88 Using GIS for Spatial Analysis Hands-on Applications Database Query and Selection, Buffers, Overlay 4.1 Trilateration Concepts 79 Operations, Geoprocessing Concepts, and 4.2 Things to Do Before You Go Geocaching 89 Modeling with GIS 147 Part 2 Geographic Information How Can Data Be Retrieved From a GIS for Analysis? 148 Systems How Can You Perform Basic Spatial Analysis in Chapter 5 GIS? 151 How Can Multiple Types of Spatial Analysis Working With Digital Spatial Data and GIS Operations Be Performed in GIS? 158 Geographic Information Systems, Modeling the Real World, Vector Data and Raster Data, Geospatial Lab Application 6.1 Attribute Data, Joining Tables, Metadata, Esri, and ArcGIS 99 GIS Spatial Analysis: AEJEE Version 164 vii Contents Chapter 8 Geospatial Lab Application 6.2 Getting There Quicker with Geospatial GIS Spatial Analysis: ArcGIS Version 173 Technology Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology Vehicle Navigation Systems, Road Maps in a 6.1 What Are Potential Societal or Policy Impacts Digital World, Creating a Street Network, of GIS Models? 163 Geocoding, Shortest Paths, and Street Hands-on Applications Networks Online 223 6.1 Working with Queries in GIS 151 How Do You Model a Network for Geospatial 6.2 Working with Buffers in GIS 154 Technology? 225 6.3 The Land Transformation Model 162 How Is Address Matching Performed? 229 How Are Shortest Paths Found? 233 Chapter 7 How Are Networks Used in Geospatial Using GIS to Make a Map Technology? 237 Scale, Map Elements, Map Layouts, Type, Thematic Maps, Data Classification Methods, Geospatial Lab Application 8.1 Color Choices, and Digital Map Distribution Geocoding and Shortest Path Analysis: AEJEE Formats 185 Version 241 How Does the Scale of the Data Affect the Map (and Vice Versa)? 186 Geospatial Lab Application 8.2 What Are Some Design Elements Included in Geocoding and Shortest Path Analysis: ArcGIS Maps? 189 Version 254 How Is Data Displayed on a GIS Map? 192 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology What Kinds of Colors Are Best to Use with GIS 8.1 What Happens When the Maps Are Incorrect? 224 Maps? 197 8.2 What Kind of Issues Come with Google How Can GIS Maps Be Exported and Street View? 239 Distributed? 198 Hands-on Applications 8.1 TIGER Files Online 227 Geospatial Lab Application 7.1 8.2 Geocoding Using Online Resources 232 GIS Layouts: AEJEE Version 200 8.3 Solve Your Network Problems with Dijkstra 235 8.4 Online Mapping and Routing Applications Geospatial Lab Application 7.2 and Shortest Paths 236 GIS Layouts: ArcGIS Version 211 8.5 Examining Google Street View 239 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology 7.1 Why is Map Design Important? 186 Part 3 Remote Sensing Hands-on Applications Chapter 9 7.1 Powers of 10 - A Demonstration of Scale 188 Remotely Sensed Images from Above 7.2 Typebrewer Online 191 Where Aerial Photography Came from, Color 7.3 Census Bureau Thematic Maps 192 Infrared Photos, Orthophotos, Oblique Photos, 7.4 Interactive Thematic Mapping Online 196 Visual Image Interpretation, and 7.5 ColorBrewer Online 198 Photogrammetric Measurements 269 viii Contents How Did Aircraft Photography Develop? 270 Hands-on Applications What Are the Different Types of Aerial 10.1 V iewing Remotely Sensed Imagery Photos? 275 Online 296 10.2 Examining NDVI with NASA ICE 306 How Can You Interpret Objects in an Aerial 10.3 Color Tools Online: Color Mixing 309 Image? 280 10.4 Comparing True Color and False Color How Can You Make Measurements from an Composites 312 Aerial Photo? 284 Geospatial Lab Application 9.1 Chapter 11 Visual Imagery Interpretation 289 Images from Space Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology Satellite Remote Sensing, Satellite 9.1 How Can UAVs Be Used for Security Orbits, Sensor Resolutions, the Landsat Purposes? 275 Program, and High-Resolution Satellite Sensors 323 Hands-on Applications 9.1 World War II Aerial Photography Online 273 How Do Remote Sensing Satellites Collect 9.2 The National Aerial Photography Program 275 Data? 325 9.3 Using MSR Maps for Viewing Aerial Images 279 What Are the Capabilities of a Satellite 9.4 Oblique Imagery on Bing Maps 280 Sensor? 329 What Is a Landsat Satellite and What Does Chapter 10 It Do? 331 What Satellites Have High-Resolution How Remote Sensing Works Sensors? 338 Electromagnetic Energy, the Remote Sensing Process, Spectral Reflectance, NDVI, Digital Geospatial Lab Application 11.1 Imagery, and Color Composites 295 Landsat Imagery 342 What Is Remote Sensing Actually Sensing? 297 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology What Is the Role of the Atmosphere in Remote 11.1 What Effect Does Satellite Remote Sensing Sensing? 300 Have on Political Borders? 328 What Happens to Energy When It Hits a Target 11.2 What If There Was No Landsat Data Continuity on the Ground? 301 Mission? 338 How Can Spectral Reflectance Be Used in Hands-on Applications Remote Sensing? 303 11.1 Examining Satellite Orbits in Real How Do You Display a Digital Remotely Sensed Time 326 Image? 306 11.2 Streaming Landsat Imagery 334 11.3 Viewing Landsat Imagery with Geospatial Lab Application 10.1 GloVis 335 11.4 Applications of Landsat Imagery 337 Remotely Sensed Imagery and Color 11.5 Viewing High-Resolution Satellite Composites 314 Imagery 340 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology 10.1 How Does Remote Sensing Affect Your Privacy? 302