Introduction to environmental impact assessment

414 Pages·2012·11.2 MB·English

by  Chadwick, Andrew, Glasson, John, Therivel, Riki

INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
FOURTH EDITION
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JOHN GLASSON, RIKI THERIVI
AND ANDREW CHADWICK
Introduction to
Environmental Impact
Assessment
4th edition
Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment provides students and practitioners with a clearly
structured overview of the subject, as well as critical analysis and support for further studies. Written
by three authors with extensive research, training and practical experience in EIA, the book covers the
latest EIA legislation, guidance and good practice.
Featuring an extended case studies section that explores more key issues than in previous editions,
this 4th edition also updates essential information on:
• the evolving nature of EIA;
• experience of the implementation of the changing EU and UK EIA procedures;
• best practice in the EIA process;
• comparative EIA systems worldwide;
• development of SEA/SA legislation and practice; and
• prospects for the future of EIA.
Although the book’s focus is on the UK and the EU, the principles and techniques it describes are
applicable internationally. With colour images and a new modern design, the book provides an essential
introduction to EIA for undergraduate and postgraduate students on planning courses, as well as those
studying environmental management and policy, environmental sciences, geography and the built
environment. Planners, developers, community groups and decision-makers in government and business
will also welcome the book as an effective way to get to grips with this important and evolving subject
that affects a wide range of development projects.
John Glasson is Emeritus Professor of Environmental Planning, Founding Director of the Impacts
Assessment Unit (IAU) and of the Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development (OISD), at Oxford Brookes
University. He is also Visiting Professor at Curtin University in Western Australia.
Riki Therivel is Visiting Professor at Oxford Brookes University, a Senior Research Associate in the IAU
and partner in Levett-Therivel sustainability consultants. In 2010 both Riki Therivel and John Glasson
were appointed Commissioners of the UK Infrastructure Planning Commission (IPC).
Andrew Chadwick is Senior Research Associate in the IAU.
The Natural and Built Environment Series
Editor: Professor John Glasson
Oxford Brookes University
http://www.routledge.com/cw/nbe/
Introduction to Environmental Impact Strategic Planning for Regional Development
Assessment 4th edition Harry T. Dimitriou and Robin Thompson
John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick
Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment
The Environmental Impact Statement after Peter Morris and Riki Therivel
Two Generations
Michael Greenberg Public Transport
Peter White
Building Competences for Spatial Planners
Anastassios Perdicoulis Landscape Planning and Environmental
Impact Design
Spatial Planning and Climate Change Tom Turner
Elizabeth Wilson and Jake Piper
Controlling Development
Water and the City Philip Booth
Iain White
Partnership Agencies in British Urban Policy
Urban Planning and Real Estate Development Nicholas Bailey, Alison Barker and Kelvin
John Ratcliffe and Michael Stubbs MacDonald
Transport Policy and Planning in Great Development Control
Britain Keith Thomas
Peter Headicar
Expert Systems and Geographic Information
Introduction to Rural Planning Systems for Impact Assessment
Nick Gallent, Meri Juntti, Sue Kidd and Dave Shaw Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller and John Glasson
Regional Planning
John Glasson and Tim Marshall
Introduction to
Environmental Impact
Assessment
4th edition
John Glasson, Riki Therivel
and Andrew Chadwick
13 Routledge
Taylor & Francis Croup
First edition published 1994
by UCL Press
Second edition published 1999
by UCL Press
Third edition published 2005
by Routledge
This edition first published 2012
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2005, 2012 John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick
The right of John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick to be
identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without
intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Glasson, John
Introduction to environmental impact assessment / John Glasson,
Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick. — 4th ed.
p. cm. — (The natural and built environment series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Environmental impact assessment—Great Britain. 2. Environmental
impact assessment. I. Therivel, Riki II. Chadwick, Andrew III. Title.
TD194.68.G7G58 2012
333.71 '4—dc23 2011026482
ISBN: 978-0-415-66468-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-66470-7 (pbk)
Typeset in Stone Serif and Akzidenz Grotesk
by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon
For our families
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface to the first edition X 3 UK agency and legislative context 57
Preface to the fourth edition xi 3.1 Introduction 57
Acknowledgements xiii 3.2 The principal actors 57
Abbreviations and acronytns XV 3.3 EIA regulations: an overview 61
3.4 The Town and Country Planning (EIA)
Regulations 2011 64
PART 1
3.5 Other EIA regulations 72
Principles and procedures 1
3.6 Summary and conclusions on changing
1 Introduction and principles 3 legislation 76
1.1 Introduction 3 Some questions 77
1.2 The nature of EIA 3 Notes 78
1.3 The purposes of EIA 7 References 78
1.4 Projects, environment and
impacts 12
PART 2
1.5 Changing perspectives on EIA 19
Process
1.6 Current issues in EIA 23
1.7 An outline of subsequent parts and 4 Starting up: early stages 83
chapters 25 4.1 Introduction 83
Some questions 27 4.2 Managing the EIA process 83
Notes 27 4.3 Project screening: is an EIA needed? 86
References 28 4.4 Scoping: which impacts and issues
to consider? 88
2 Origins and development 31 4.5 The consideration of alternatives 90
2.1 Introduction 31 4.6 Understanding the project/development
2.2 The National Environmental Policy action 95
Act and subsequent US systems 31 4.7 Establishing the environmental
2.3 The worldwide spread of EIA 40 baseline 100
2.4 Development in the UK 42 4.8 Impact identification 101
2.5 EC Directive 85/337 43 4.9 Summary 110
2.6 EC Directive 85/337, as amended by Some questions 111
Directive 97/ll/EC 47 Notes 111
2.7 An overview of EIA systems in the EU: References 111
divergent practice in a converging
system? 48 5 Impact prediction, evaluation,
2.8 Continuing issues, review and refinement mitigation and enhancement 114
of the EIA Directive in EU-27 51 5.1 Introduction 114
2.9 Summary 53 5.2 Prediction 114
Some questions 54 5.3 Evaluation 126
Notes 54 5.4 Mitigation and enhancement 136
References 54 5.5 Summary 140
CONTENTS Vii
Some questions 141 Some questions 220
References 141 Notes 220
References 221
6 Participation, presentation and
review 144 9 Case studies of HI A in practice 224
6.1 Introduction 144 9.1 Introduction 224
6.2 Public consultation and 9.2 Wilton power station case study:
participation 145 project definition in EIA 225
6.3 Consultation with statutory’ consultees 9.3 N21 link road, Republic of Ireland:
and other countries 152 EIA and European protected
6.4 EIA presentation 153 habitats 230
6.5 Review of EISs 157 9.4 Portsmouth incinerator: public
6.6 Decisions on projects 159 participation in EIA 236
6.7 Summary 163 9.5 Humber Estuary development:
Some questions 164 cumulative effects assessment 241
Notes 164 9.6 Stansted airport second runway:
References 165 health impact assessment 245
9.7 Cairngorm mountain railway:
7 Monitoring and auditing: after mitigation in EIA 252
the decision 167 9.8 SEA of UK offshore wind energy
7.1 Introduction 167 development 255
7.2 The importance of monitoring and 9.9 SEA of Tyne and Wear local transport
auditing in the EIA process 168 plan 261
7.3 Monitoring in practice 169 9.10 Summary 268
7.4 Auditing in practice 173 Some questions 269
7.5 A UK case study: monitoring and References 269
auditing the local socio-economic
impacts of the Sizewell B PWR 10 Comparative practice 271
construction project 176 10.1 Introduction 271
7.6 A UK case study: monitoring the local 10.2 EIA stahis worldwide 272
impacts of the London 2012 Olympics 10.3 Benin 276
project 183 10.4 Peru 278
7.7 Summary 185 10.5 China 279
Some questions 187 10.6 Poland 282
Note 188 10.7 Canada 283
References 188 10.8 Australia and Western Australia 285
10.9 International bodies 289
10.10 Summary 291
PART 3
Some questions 291
Practice 191
References 292
8 An overview of UK practice to date 193
8.1 Introduction 193
PART 4
8.2 Number and type of EISs and
Prospects 297
projects 194
8.3 The pre-submission EIA process 198 11 Widening the scope: strategic
8.4 EIS quality 202 environmental assessment 299
8.5 The post-submission EIA process 204 11.1 Introduction 299
8.6 Legal challenges 208 11.2 Strategic environmental assessment
8.7 Costs and benefits of EIA 217 (SEA) 299
8.8 Summary 219 11.3 SEA worldwide 302
viii CONTENTS
11.4 SEA in the UK 306 Appendices
11.5 Summary 313 1 Full text of EC EIA Directive 345
Some questions 313 2 Town and Country Planning (EIA)
Note 313 Regulations 2011 - Schedule 2 359
References 313 3 Full text of EC's SEA Directive 366
4 The Lee and Colley review package 374
12 Improving the effectiveness of 5 Environmental impact statement
project assessment 315 review package (IAU, Oxford Brookes
12.1 Introduction 315 University) 375
12.2 Perspectives on change 315 6 Selected EIA journals and websites 384
12.3 Possible changes in the EIA process:
overviews of the future agenda 317 Index 387
12.4 Possible changes in the EIA process:
more specific examples 319
12.5 Extending EIA to project implementation:
environmental management systems,
audits and plans 335
12.6 Summary 339
Some questions 340
Notes 341
References 341
CONTENTS ¡X