Introduction to Energy Technologies for Efficient Power Generation

274 Pages·2017·7.798 MB·English

by  Alexander V. Dimitrov

Introduction to
Energy Technologies
for Efficient
Power Generation
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Alexander V. Dimitrov
Introduction to Energy
Technologies for Eficient
Power Generation
Nature seeks and inds transition from less to more probable states
Ludwig Botzmann
The book was written based on a series of lectures as part of an academic course on “Heat
technics and Power engineering.” It is structured as to cover the horarium of 45 hours of a
teaching plan and it comprises six modules
• Theoretical basis of energy conversions and thermodynamics
• Thermal motors (thermal engines)
• Thermal-power energy technologies
• Regeneration and recuperation of waste energy
• Energy transfer and accumulation
• Energy and indoor conditions
Alexander V. Dimitrov
Introduction to Energy
Technologies for Eficient
Power Generation
Alexander V. Dimitrov
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Dimitrov, Aleksandŭr Vasilev, author.
Title: Introduction to energy technologies for efficient power generation/
Alexander V. Dimitrov.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic
division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016038520| ISBN 9781498796446 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781498796453 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric power production--Energy conservation. | Electric
utilities--Energy conservation. | Energy consumption.
Classification: LCC TK1005 .D56 2017 | DDC 621.31/21--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016038520
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................ix
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................xxiii
Author ..........................................................................................................................................xxv
Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................xxvii
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................xxix
1. Theoretical Foundations of Energy Conversions and Thermodynamics ...................1
1.1 Energy, Energy Conversion, and Generalized Work ...............................................1
1.1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Historical Survey of the Stages of Energy Utilization ................................2
1.1.3 Basic Terms of Energy Conversion and Thermodynamics ........................5
1.1.3.1 Energy ................................................................................................5
1.1.3.2 Thermodynamic System .................................................................6
1.1.3.3 Basic State Parameters .....................................................................6
1.1.4 General Information on the TDS Working Body (Medium)......................8
1.1.4.1 Ideal Gas ............................................................................................9
1.1.4.2 Einstein Ideal Solid ........................................................................12
1.1.5 Work Done in a TDS ......................................................................................14
1.1.5.1 Mechanical Work Done on a TDS ................................................14
1.1.5.2 Thermal Work Done on a TDS .....................................................17
1.1.5.3 Other Types of Work in the System .............................................18
1.1.6 Cascade Mechanism of Energy Conversions and Transformations
(Matrix of Direct Transformations) .............................................................19
1.1.7 Control Questions ..........................................................................................22
1.2 Basic Principles of Thermodynamics .......................................................................23
1.2.1 Law of Energy Conversions (First Principle of Thermodynamics) ........23
1.2.2 Law Concerning the Natural Direction That a TDP Follows
(Second principle of thermodynamics) .......................................................27
1.2.3 Control Questions ..........................................................................................29
1.3 TDPs in an Ideal Medium ..........................................................................................29
1.3.1 Isochoric Process (Charles Process) .............................................................30
1.3.2 Isobaric Process ..............................................................................................32
1.3.3 Isothermal Process .........................................................................................34
1.3.4 Adiabatic Process ...........................................................................................36
1.3.5 Generalization of Processes Running in a TDS.........................................38
1.3.6 Control Questions ..........................................................................................39
1.4 Energy Conversion Machines and Their Thermodynamic Cycles:
A Standard for Energy Eficiency—Carnot Cycle ..................................................40
1.4.1 Energy Conversion Machines: Basic Types ................................................40
1.4.2 Thermodynamic Requirements to the Power Machines .........................41
1.4.3 Carnot Thermodynamic Cycle Used as an Energy Standard .................44
1.4.4 Control Questions ..........................................................................................47
v
vi Contents
1.5 Speciic Features of Real Energy Conversion ..........................................................47
1.5.1 General ............................................................................................................47
1.5.2 Phase Transformations of a TDS Working Body .......................................48
1.5.3 Cavitation ........................................................................................................51
1.5.4 Joule–Thompson Effect in Throttle-Valve Devices ...................................54
1.5.5 Vortex Effects: A Fluid Running into a Chamber .....................................57
1.5.6 Control Questions ..........................................................................................60
2. Conversion of Thermal Energy into Mechanical Work (Thermal Engines) ............63
2.1 Evolution of Engine Technologies ............................................................................63
2.2 Engine Technology of Otto–Langen (Carbureted Engine with Internal
Combustion).................................................................................................................64
2.3 Engine Technology Developed by G. Brayton ........................................................69
2.4 Engine Technology Employing External Heat Sources (External
Combustion Engines) .................................................................................................73
2.5 Mechanical–Thermal Technologies (Gas and Vapor Compression) ....................76
2.5.1 Compression Cycle ........................................................................................76
2.5.2 Classiication of Compressors ......................................................................78
2.5.3 Multistage Serial Compression ....................................................................80
2.6 Control Questions .......................................................................................................81
3. Thermoelectric and Co-Generation Technologies .........................................................83
3.1 Direct Thermoelectric Technologies ........................................................................84
3.1.1 Internal Ionization of Bodies and Photovoltaic Cells ...............................84
3.1.2 Thermoelectric Technology of Seebeck ......................................................88
3.1.3 Thermoelectric Technology for Oxidation Control in FCs
(Technology of Schonbein/Grove) ...............................................................92
3.2 Indirect Thermoelectric Technologies .....................................................................95
3.2.1 Steam-Turbine Technology of J. Rankine ...................................................97
3.2.1.1 Tendency to Miniaturize the Overall Dimensions and
Power of Nuclear Reactors ..........................................................102
3.2.1.2 Alchemic Future of the Thermal Technologies Used for
Domestic and Industrial Needs? ................................................104
3.2.2 Brayton Gas-Turbine Technology ..............................................................105
3.3 Employment of Thermoelectric and Co-Generation Technologies in the
Design of Vehicle Hybrid Gears .............................................................................107
3.3.1 Parallel Hybrid Scheme...............................................................................110
3.3.2 Serial Hybrid System (Serial Hybrids) ......................................................113
3.3.3 Economical Aspects of the Hybrid Drives (Optimization of the
Ratio between the Power of the Thermal Engine and That of the
Electric Motor) ..............................................................................................116
3.4 Control Questions .....................................................................................................118
4. Energy Rehabilitation: Regeneration and Recuperation ............................................121
4.1 Energy Conversion as Interpreted by the Principles of Thermodynamics ......121
4.2 Regeneration Technologies ......................................................................................128
4.2.1 Heat Exchanging Devices ...........................................................................130
4.2.1.1 Heat Regenerators ........................................................................130
Contents vii
4.2.2 Air-Compression Heat Pump, Operating of the Brayton Counter
Clockwise Cycle ...........................................................................................133
4.2.3 Regeneration of Low Potential Thermal Energy Using
a Vapor-Compression Heat Pump (Counterclockwise Rankine
Cycle)..............................................................................................................134
4.3 Recuperation Technologies for Thermal Waste and Environmental Energy...138
4.3.1 Osmotic-Absorption Technology ...............................................................140
4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Recuperation Technologies ............................................144
4.3.3 Radiative-Optical Technologies Concentrating Solar Energy ...............147
4.3.3.1 Technology of the Relecting Geometry ...................................149
4.3.3.2 Technology of the Geometrical Optics ......................................151
4.4 Control Questions .....................................................................................................153
5. Energy Transfer and Storage ............................................................................................157
5.1 From Spontaneous to Controlled Transfer and Storage of Energy (Trends
in the Development of Energy Transfer Technologies) .......................................157
5.2 Control of Heat Transfer in Energy Equipment ...................................................162
5.2.1 Vector Quantities of Heat Transfer and Gradient of the
Temperature Field ........................................................................................162
5.2.1.1 Vector Quantities of Heat Transfer ............................................162
5.2.1.2 Temperature Field ........................................................................163
5.2.2 Energy Transfer in Solids, Gases, and Liquids (Thermal
Conductivity and Convection) ...................................................................165
5.2.3 Characteristics of Heat Transfer through Compact
Inhomogeneous Multilayer Walls .............................................................171
5.2.4 The Role of Heat Storage in Compact Bodies: Capacitive Thermal
Resistance ......................................................................................................173
5.2.5 Radiative Heat Transfer: Relective Heat Resistance ..............................178
5.2.6 Control of the Heat Transfer through TDS Control Surfaces
(Arrangement of the Thermal Resistances within the Structure of
Compact Wall Elements) .............................................................................182
5.2.7 Calculation of the Thermal Insulation......................................................187
5.3 Control Questions .....................................................................................................190
6. Energy and Indoor Environment.....................................................................................193
6.1 The Necessity of Designing a Comfortable Indoor Environment .....................193
6.2 Energy Needed for Thermal Comfort in an Inhabited Area ..............................194
6.3 Energy and Clean Air ...............................................................................................204
6.3.1 The Necessity of Clean Air in the Occupied Area and Methods of
Its Supply .......................................................................................................204
6.3.2 System of Indoor Environment Control in Ground Transport .............208
6.3.2.1 Requirements of the Indoor Environment of Ground
Transport .......................................................................................208
6.3.2.2 Description of ECS Employed in Ground Transport ..............210
6.4 Energy and Light Comfort in Buildings ................................................................212
6.5 Estimation of Needed Energy .................................................................................215
6.6 Role of the Energy Manager in Specifying the Targets of Energy Saving .......216
6.6.1 Energy Eficiency Audit: Engagements of the Energy Managers .........217
viii Contents
6.6.2 Function of a Building Energy Manager in Attaining Energy
Eficiency. Energy Management of Building Installations: A
Precondition for Energy Eficiency ...........................................................221
6.7 Control Questions .....................................................................................................223
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................227
Appendices ..................................................................................................................................229
References ...................................................................................................................................233
Index .............................................................................................................................................235
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Potential energy for v = const will depend on the pressure values,
only: 1—cylindrical control surface; 2—moving wall-control surface;
and 3—working luid (body) of the TDS. Here: G—reduced force
acting on the moving wall and E —potential energy. ......................................8
n
Figure 1.2 Longitudinal vibrations of atomic structures (Einstein waves). ....................13
Figure 1.3 Mechanical work done on a TDS consists in expansion (compression)
of the volume of the control area: 1—initial state and 2—inal state. ............15
Figure 1.4 Mechanical work done on a TDS depends on the process “path”:
1—initial state of TDS and 2—inal state of TDS. (Notations used are
as follows: p and ∆v —current pressure and increase of the speciic
volume, while m and m are scaling moduli specifying the link
p ν
between the physical quantities p and Δv and their plots p, mm and
∆v, mm.) ..................................................................................................................16
Figure 1.5 Thermal work done on a TDS depending on the path of process
development: 1—initial state of TDS and 2—inal state of TDS. ....................17
Figure 1.6 Thermal work done during two special TDPs: (a) isothermal and
(b) adiabatic: 1—initial state of TDS and 2—inal state of TDS. .....................18
Figure 1.7 Plot of the work done by a TDS with multiple degrees of freedom:
(a) electrical work and (b) chemical work. .........................................................18
Figure 1.8 Scheme of a cascade of energy conversion. .......................................................21
Figure 1.9 Energy model of central electricity supply: Rankine cycle operating
with eficiency of 24%–29% and Brayton cycle gas-turbine stations
operating with eficiency of 44%–49%. ..............................................................21
Figure 1.10 Scheme of an open TDS: 1—intake (p, v, w, T); 2—exhaust (p, v, w, T);
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
3—working volume (coincides with the control volume); and 4—fan
(pump). ....................................................................................................................25
Figure 1.11 Illustration of the second law of thermodynamics: (a) TDS expands
by dQ > 0, the load elevates; (b) TDS is in equilibrium (G − p . A = 0),
0
the load is in top dead center; (c) irst variant—TDS constricts (heat is
released to the cold body 3); and (d) second variant—TDS compresses
by exhausting the combustion products 4 into the cold environment
and pressure drops (p . A = G): 1—hot body; 2—TDS control(cid:31) surface;
0
3—cold body (environment); and 4—combustion products; G—force
reduced to the moving wall. ................................................................................28
Figure 1.12 TDS volume does not vary, mechanical work is zero. 1—TDS heating;
2—TDS cooling; 3—unmovable wall; and 4—control volume. ......................30
ix