Introduction to Electrical Engineering

896 Pages·2005·6.34 MB·English

Introduction to
Electrical Engineering
Mulukutla S. Sarma
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O
E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G
the oxford series in electrical and computer engineering
AdelS.Sedra,SeriesEditor
AllenandHolberg,CMOSAnalogCircuitDesign
Bobrow,ElementaryLinearCircuitAnalysis,2ndEdition
Bobrow,FundamentalsofElectricalEngineering,2ndEdition
BurnsandRoberts,IntroductiontoMixedSignalICTestandMeasurement
Campbell,TheScienceandEngineeringofMicroelectronicFabrication
Chen,Analog&DigitalControlSystemDesign
Chen,DigitalSignalProcessing
Chen,LinearSystemTheoryandDesign,3rdEdition
Chen,SystemandSignalAnalysis,2ndEdition
DeCarloandLin,LinearCircuitAnalysis,2ndEdition
Dimitrijev,UnderstandingSemiconductorDevices
Fortney,PrinciplesofElectronics:Analog&Digital
Franco,ElectricCircuitsFundamentals
Granzow,DigitalTransmissionLines
GuruandHizirog˘lu,ElectricMachineryandTransformers,3rdEdition
HooleandHoole,AModernShortCourseinEngineeringElectromagnetics
Jones,IntroductiontoOpticalFiberCommunicationSystems
Krein,ElementsofPowerElectronics
Kuo,DigitalControlSystems,3rdEdition
Lathi,ModernDigitalandAnalogCommunicationsSystems,3rdEdition
Martin,DigitalIntegratedCircuitDesign
McGillemandCooper,ContinuousandDiscreteSignalandSystemAnalysis,3rdEdition
Miner,LinesandElectromagneticFieldsforEngineers
RobertsandSedra,SPICE,2ndEdition
Roulston,AnIntroductiontothePhysicsofSemiconductorDevices
Sadiku,ElementsofElectromagnetics,3rdEdition
Santina,Stubberud,andHostetter,DigitalControlSystemDesign,2ndEdition
Sarma,IntroductiontoElectricalEngineering
SchaumannandVanValkenburg,DesignofAnalogFilters
Schwarz,ElectromagneticsforEngineers
SchwarzandOldham,ElectricalEngineering:AnIntroduction,2ndEdition
SedraandSmith,MicroelectronicCircuits,4thEdition
Stefani,Savant,Shahian,andHostetter,DesignofFeedbackControlSystems,3rdEdition
VanValkenburg,AnalogFilterDesign
WarnerandGrung,SemiconductorDeviceElectronics
Wolovich,AutomaticControlSystems
Yariv,OpticalElectronicsinModernCommunications,5thEdition
INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Mulukutla S. Sarma
Northeastern University
NewYork Oxford
OXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS
2001
OxfordUniversityPress
Oxford NewYork
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Sarma,MulukutlaS.,1938–
Introductiontoelectricalengineering/MulukutlaS.Sarma
p. cm.—(TheOxfordseriesinelectricalandcomputerengineering)
ISBN0-19-513604-7(cloth)
1.Electricalengineering. I.Title. II.Series.
TK146.S18 2001
621.3—dc21 00-020033
Acknowledgments—Table1.2.2isadaptedfromPrinciplesofElectricalEngineering(McGraw-HillSeriesinElectricalEngineering),byPeytonZ.
PeeblesJr.andTayebA.Giuma,reprintedwiththepermissionofMcGraw-Hill,1991;figures2.6.1,2.6.2areadaptedfromGettingStartedwith
MATLAB5:QuickIntroduction,byRudraPratap,reprintedwiththepermissionofOxfordUniversityPress,1998;figures4.1.2–4.1.5,4.2.1–4.2.3,
4.3.1–4.3.2,areadaptedfromElectricMachines:Steady-StateTheoryandDynamicPerformance,SecondEdition,byMulukutlaS.Sarma,reprinted
withthepermissionofBrooks/ColePublishing,1994;figure4.6.1isadaptedfromMedicalInstrumentationApplicationandDesign,byJohnG.Webster,
reprintedwiththepermissionofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,1978;table4.6.1isadaptedfrom“ElectricalSafetyinIndustrialPlants,”IEEESpectrum,by
RalphLee,reprintedwiththepermissionofIEEE,1971;figureP5.3.1isreprintedwiththepermissionofFairchildSemiconductorCorporation;figures
5.6.1,6.6.1,9.5.1areadaptedfromElectricalEngineering:PrinciplesandApplications,byAllenR.Hambley,reprintedwiththepermissionofPrentice
Hall,1997;figure10.5.1isadaptedfromPowerSystemAnalysisandDesign,SecondEdition,byDuncanJ.GloverandMulukutlaS.Sarma,reprinted
withthepermissionofBrooks/ColePublishing,1994;figures11.1.2,13.2.10areadaptedfromIntroductiontoElectricalEngineering,SecondEdition,
byClaytonPaul,SyedA.Nasar,andLouisUnnewehr,reprintedwiththepermissionofMcGraw-Hill,1992;figuresE12.2.1(a,b),12.2.2–12.2.5,12.2.9–
12.2.10,12.3.1–12.3.3,12.4.1,E12.4.1,P12.1.2,P12.4.3,P12.4.8,P12.4.12,13.1.1–13.1.8,13.2.1–13.2.9,13.2.11–13.2.16,13.3.1–13.3.3,E13.3.2,
13.3.4,E13.3.3,13.3.5–13.3.6areadaptedfromElectricMachines:Steady-StateTheoryandDynamicPerformance,SecondEdition,byMulukutlaS.
Sarma,reprintedwiththepermissionofBrooks/ColePublishing,1994;figure13.3.12isadaptedfromCommunicationSystemsEngineering,byJohnG.
ProakisandMasoudSalehi,reprintedwiththepermissionofPrenticeHall,1994;figures13.4.1–13.4.7,E13.4.1(b),13.4.8–13.4.12,E13.4.3,13.4.13,
13.6.1areadaptedfromElectricMachines:Steady-StateTheoryandDynamicPerformance,SecondEdition,byMulukutlaS.SarmaBrooks/Cole
Publishing,1994;figures14.2.8,14.2.9areadaptedfromElectricalEngineering:ConceptsandApplications,SecondEdition,byA.BruceCarlsonand
DavidGisser,reprintedwiththepermissionofPrenticeHall,1990;figure15.0.1isadaptedfromCommunicationSystems,ThirdEdition,byA.Bruce
Carlson,reprintedwiththepermissionofMcGraw-Hill,1986;figures15.2.15,15.2.31,15.3.11areadaptedfromCommunicationSystemsEngineering,
byJohnG.ProakisandMasoudSalehi,reprintedwiththepermissionofPrenticeHall,1994;figures15.2.19,15.2.27,15.2.28,15.2.30,15.3.3,15.3.4,
15.3.9,15.3.10,15.3.20areadaptedfromPrinciplesofElectricalEngineering(McGraw-HillSeriesinElectricalEngineering),byPeytonZ.Peebles
Jr.andTayebA.Giuma,reprintedwiththepermissionofMcGraw-Hill,1991;figures16.1.1–16.1.3areadaptedfromElectricMachines:Steady-State
TheoryandDynamicPerformance,SecondEdition,byMulukutlaS.Sarma,reprintedwiththepermissionofBrooks/ColePublishing,1994;table
16.1.3isadaptedfromElectricMachines:Steady-StateTheoryandDynamicPerformance,SecondEdition,byMulukutlaS.Sarma,reprintedwiththe
permissionofBrooks/ColePublishing,1994;table16.1.4isadaptedfromHandbookofElectricMachines,byS.A.Nasar,reprintedwiththepermission
ofMcGraw-Hill,1987;andfigures16.1.4–13.1.9,E16.1.1,16.1.10–16.1.25areadaptedfromElectricMachines:Steady-StateTheoryandDynamic
Performance,SecondEdition,byMulukutlaS.Sarma,reprintedwiththepermissionofBrooks/ColePublishing,1994.
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CONTENTS
ListofCaseStudiesandComputer-AidedAnalysis xiii
Preface xv
Overview xxi
PART 1 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1 Circuit Concepts 3
1.1 ElectricalQuantities 4
1.2 Lumped-CircuitElements 16
1.3 Kirchhoff’sLaws 39
1.4 MetersandMeasurements 47
1.5 AnalogybetweenElectricalandOtherNonelectricPhysicalSystems 50
1.6 LearningObjectives 52
1.7 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—ResistanceStrainGauge 52
Problems 53
2 Circuit Analysis Techniques 66
2.1 ThéveninandNortonEquivalentCircuits 66
2.2 Node-VoltageandMesh-CurrentAnalyses 71
2.3 SuperpositionandLinearity 81
2.4 Wye–DeltaTransformation 83
2.5 Computer-AidedCircuitAnalysis:SPICE 85
2.6 Computer-AidedCircuitAnalysis:MATLAB 88
2.7 LearningObjectives 92
2.8 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—JumpStartingaCar 92
Problems 94
3 Time-Dependent Circuit Analysis 102
3.1 SinusoidalSteady-StatePhasorAnalysis 103
3.2 TransientsinCircuits 125
3.3 LaplaceTransform 142
3.4 FrequencyResponse 154
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.5 Computer-AidedCircuitSimulationforTransientAnalysis,ACAnalysis,and
FrequencyResponseUsingPSpiceandPROBE 168
3.6 UseofMATLABinComputer-AidedCircuitSimulation 173
3.7 LearningObjectives 177
3.8 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—AutomotiveIgnitionSystem 178
Problems 179
4 Three-Phase Circuits and Residential Wiring 198
4.1 Three-PhaseSourceVoltagesandPhaseSequence 198
4.2 BalancedThree-PhaseLoads 202
4.3 MeasurementofPower 208
4.4 ResidentialWiringandSafetyConsiderations 212
4.5 LearningObjectives 215
4.6 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—PhysiologicalEffectsofCurrentand
ElectricalSafety 216
Problems 218
PART 2 ELECTRONIC ANALOG AND DIGITAL SYSTEMS
5 Analog Building Blocks and Operational Amplifiers 223
5.1 TheAmplifierBlock 224
5.2 IdealOperationalAmplifier 229
5.3 PracticalPropertiesofOperationalAmplifiers 235
5.4 ApplicationsofOperationalAmplifiers 244
5.5 LearningObjectives 256
5.6 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—AutomotivePower-AssistedSteering
System 257
Problems 258
6 Digital Building Blocks and Computer Systems 268
6.1 DigitalBuildingBlocks 271
6.2 DigitalSystemComponents 295
6.3 ComputerSystems 316
6.4 ComputerNetworks 320
6.5 LearningObjectives 325
6.6 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—Microcomputer-Controlled
BreadmakingMachine 325
Problems 326
7 Semiconductor Devices 339
7.1 Semiconductors 339
7.2 Diodes 340
7.3 BipolarJunctionTransistors 358
CONTENTS ix
7.4 Field-EffectTransistors 367
7.5 IntegratedCircuits 378
7.6 LearningObjectives 379
7.7 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—ElectronicPhotoFlash 380
Problems 380
8 Transistor Amplifiers 393
8.1 BiasingtheBJT 394
8.2 BiasingtheFET 395
8.3 BJTAmplifiers 399
8.4 FETAmplifiers 405
8.5 FrequencyResponseofAmplifiers 409
8.6 LearningObjectives 414
8.7 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—Mechatronics:ElectronicsIntegrated
withMechanicalSystems 414
Problems 415
9 Digital Circuits 422
9.1 TransistorSwitches 423
9.2 DTLandTTLLogicCircuits 427
9.3 CMOSandOtherLogicFamilies 431
9.4 LearningObjectives 437
9.5 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—CardiacPacemaker,aBiomedical
EngineeringApplication 438
Problems 439
PART 3 ENERGY SYSTEMS
10 AC Power Systems 451
10.1 IntroductiontoPowerSystems 452
10.2 Single-andThree-PhaseSystems 455
10.3 PowerTransmissionandDistribution 460
10.4 LearningObjectives 466
10.5 PracticalApplication:ACaseStudy—TheGreatBlackoutof1965 466
Problems 468
11 Magnetic Circuits and Transformers 471
11.1 MagneticMaterials 472
11.2 MagneticCircuits 475
11.3 TransformerEquivalentCircuits 479
11.4 TransformerPerformance 486
11.5 Three-PhaseTransformers 490
11.6 Autotransformers 492