Introduction to avionics systems

547 Pages·2011·17.141 MB·English

by  R.P.G. Collinson (auth.)

Introduction to Avionics Systems

Introduction to
Avionics Systems
Third Edition
by
R.P.G. Collinson
BScEng(Hons)., CEng., FIET., FRAeS
Formerly Manager of the Flight Automation Research Laboratory of GEC A vionics,
Rochester, Kent, UK (now part of BAE Systems)
R.P.G. Collinson
Formerly of GEC Avionics
(now part of BAE Systems)
Maidstone, Kent
United Kingdom
ISBN 978-94-007-0707-8 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0708-5
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0708-5
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931528

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
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Contents
Foreword.......................................................... xi
Preface............................................................ xiii
Acknowledgements ................................................. xv
1 Introduction................................................... 1
1.1 ImportanceandRoleofAvionics ............................. 1
1.1.1 SystemsWhichInterfaceDirectlywiththePilot .......... 3
1.1.2 AircraftStateSensorSystems.......................... 5
1.1.3 NavigationSystems .................................. 6
1.1.4 OutsideWorldSensorSystems......................... 7
1.1.5 TaskAutomationSystems............................. 8
1.2 TheAvionicEnvironment.................................... 11
1.2.1 MinimumWeight .................................... 14
1.2.2 EnvironmentalRequirements .......................... 14
1.2.3 Reliability .......................................... 15
1.3 ChoiceofUnits ............................................ 16
2 DisplaysandMan–MachineInteraction .......................... 19
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 19
2.2 HeadUpDisplays .......................................... 20
2.2.1 Introduction......................................... 20
2.2.2 BasicPrinciples ..................................... 23
2.2.3 HolographicHUDs................................... 30
2.2.4 HUDElectronics .................................... 36
2.2.5 WorkedExampleonHUDDesignandDisplayGeneration . 39
2.2.6 CivilAircraftHUDs.................................. 42
2.3 HelmetMountedDisplays ................................... 47
2.3.1 Introduction......................................... 47
2.3.2 HelmetDesignFactors................................ 48
v
vi Contents
2.3.3 HelmetMountedSights............................... 50
2.3.4 HelmetMountedDisplays............................. 51
2.3.5 HeadTrackingSystems .............................. 56
2.3.6 HMDsandtheVirtualCockpit ......................... 58
2.4 ComputerAidedOpticalDesign .............................. 61
2.4.1 Introduction......................................... 61
2.5 DiscussionofHUDsversusHMDs............................ 62
2.5.1 Introduction......................................... 62
2.5.2 MilitaryAircraftHUDsandHMDs ..................... 62
2.6 HeadDownDisplays ....................................... 66
2.6.1 Introduction......................................... 66
2.6.2 CivilCockpitHeadDownDisplays ..................... 67
2.6.3 MilitaryHeadDownDisplays.......................... 69
2.6.4 DisplaySymbologyGeneration ........................ 70
2.6.5 DigitallyGeneratedMovingColourMapDisplays ........ 71
2.6.6 SolidStateStandbyDisplayInstruments................. 74
2.7 DataFusion ............................................... 77
2.8 IntelligentDisplaysManagement ............................. 79
2.9 DisplaysTechnology........................................ 80
2.9.1 ReplacingtheHUDCRT.............................. 80
2.9.2 HMD/HUDOpticalSystemTechnology................. 84
2.9.3 TheQSightHMD ................................... 88
2.9.4 TheQHUD......................................... 91
2.10 ControlandDataEntry...................................... 92
2.10.1 Introduction......................................... 92
2.10.2 TactileControlPanels ................................ 93
2.10.3 DirectVoiceInput ................................... 94
2.10.4 SpeechOutputSystems............................... 97
2.10.5 DisplayIntegrationwithAudio/TactileInputs ............ 97
2.10.6 EyeTrackers........................................ 97
3 AerodynamicsandAircraftControl..............................101
3.1 Introduction ...............................................101
3.2 BasicAerodynamics........................................101
3.2.1 LiftandDrag .......................................101
3.2.2 AngleofIncidence/AngleofAttack.....................103
3.2.3 LiftCoefficientandDragCoefficient....................104
3.2.4 IllustrativeExampleonBasicAerodynamics .............105
3.2.5 PitchingMomentandAerodynamicCentre ..............107
3.2.6 TailplaneContribution................................108
3.3 AircraftStability ...........................................110
3.3.1 LongitudinalStability ................................110
3.3.2 AerodynamicallyUnstableAircraft .....................112
3.3.3 BodyLiftContributions...............................114
3.4 AircraftDynamics..........................................115
Contents vii
3.4.1 AircraftAxes–VelocityandAccelerationComponents ....115
3.4.2 EulerAngles–DefinitionofAnglesofPitch,Bank
andYaw............................................118
3.4.3 EquationsofMotionforSmallDisturbances .............119
3.4.4 AerodynamicForceandMomentDerivatives ............122
3.4.5 EquationsofLongitudinalandLateralMotion ...........131
3.5 LongitudinalControlandResponse ...........................134
3.5.1 LongitudinalControl .................................134
3.5.2 StickForce/g........................................135
3.5.3 PitchRateResponsetoTailplane/ElevatorAngle .........136
3.5.4 PitchResponseAssumingConstantForwardSpeed .......138
3.5.5 WorkedExampleonq/ηTransferFunctionandPitch
Response ...........................................145
3.6 LateralControl.............................................148
3.6.1 AileronControlandBanktoTurn ......................148
3.6.2 RudderControl .....................................150
3.6.3 ShortPeriodYawingMotion...........................152
3.6.4 CombinedRoll-Yaw-SideslipMotion ...................153
3.7 PoweredFlyingControls ....................................154
3.7.1 Introduction.........................................154
3.7.2 PCUTransferFunctions ..............................155
3.8 StabilityAugmentationSystems ..............................157
3.8.1 LimitedAuthorityStabilityAugmentationSystems .......157
3.8.2 FullAuthorityStabilityAugmentationSystems ..........162
3.9 HelicopterFlightControl ....................................163
3.9.1 Introduction.........................................163
3.9.2 ControloftheHelicopterinFlight ......................168
3.9.3 StabilityAugmentation ...............................172
4 Fly-by-WireFlightControl......................................179
4.1 Introduction ...............................................179
4.2 FBWFlightControlFeaturesandAdvantages...................180
4.2.1 FBWSystemBasicConceptsandFeatures...............180
4.2.2 AdvantagesofFBWControl...........................186
4.3 ControlLaws ..............................................194
4.3.1 PitchRateCommandControl..........................197
4.3.2 LagsintheControlLoop..............................207
4.3.3 RollRateCommandControl ..........................212
4.3.4 HandlingQualitiesandPIOs...........................212
4.3.5 ModernControlTheory...............................216
4.4 RedundancyandFailureSurvival .............................217
4.4.1 SafetyandIntegrity ..................................217
4.4.2 RedundantConfigurations.............................217
4.4.3 VotingandConsolidation .............................219
4.4.4 QuadruplexSystemArchitecture .......................223
viii Contents
4.4.5 CommonModeFailures ..............................224
4.4.6 DissimilarRedundancy ...............................225
4.5 DigitalImplementation......................................230
4.5.1 AdvantagesofDigitalImplementation ..................230
4.5.2 DigitalDataProblems ................................232
4.5.3 Software ...........................................234
4.5.4 FailureModesandEffectsAnalysis ....................242
4.6 HelicopterFBWFlightControlSystems .......................242
4.7 ActiveFBWInceptors ......................................244
4.8 Fly-by-LightFlightControl ..................................248
4.8.1 Introduction.........................................248
4.8.2 Fly-by-LightFlightControlSystems ....................250
4.8.3 OpticalSensors......................................251
5 InertialSensorsandAttitudeDerivation..........................255
5.1 Introduction ...............................................255
5.2 GyrosandAccelerometers...................................255
5.2.1 Introduction.........................................255
5.2.2 MicroElectro-MechanicalSystems(MEMS)Technology
RateGyros .........................................257
5.2.3 OpticalGyroscopes ..................................260
5.2.4 Accelerometers......................................276
5.2.5 SkewedAxesSensorConfigurations ....................282
5.3 AttitudeDerivation .........................................283
5.3.1 Introduction.........................................283
5.3.2 Strap-DownSystems .................................284
5.3.3 ConingMotion ......................................293
5.3.4 AttitudewithRespecttoLocalNorth,East,DownAxes....294
5.3.5 VehicleRateCorrections..............................296
5.3.6 IntroductiontoComplementaryFiltering ................299
6 NavigationSystems.............................................303
6.1 IntroductionandBasicPrinciples .............................303
6.1.1 Introduction.........................................303
6.1.2 BasicNavigationDefinitions...........................309
6.1.3 BasicDRNavigationSystems .........................310
6.2 InertialNavigation .........................................313
6.2.1 Introduction.........................................313
6.2.2 BasicPrinciplesandSchulerTuning ....................314
6.2.3 PlatformAxes.......................................324
6.2.4 InitialAlignmentandGyroCompassing.................327
6.2.5 EffectofAzimuthGyroDrift ..........................330
6.2.6 VerticalNavigationChannel ...........................330
6.2.7 ChoiceofNavigationCo-ordinates .....................334
6.2.8 Strap-downINSystemComputing......................335
Contents ix
6.3 AidedINSystemsandKalmanFilters .........................337
6.4 AttitudeHeadingReferenceSystems ..........................345
6.4.1 Introduction.........................................345
6.4.2 AzimuthMonitoringUsingaMagneticHeadingReference .350
6.5 GPS–GlobalPositioningSystem.............................355
6.5.1 Introduction.........................................355
6.5.2 GPSSystemDescription ..............................357
6.5.3 BasicPrinciplesofGPS...............................358
6.5.4 SolutionofNavigationEquations.......................363
6.5.5 IntegrationofGPSandINS............................365
6.5.6 DifferentialGPS.....................................365
6.5.7 FutureAugmentedSatelliteNavigationSystems ..........370
6.6 TerrainReferenceNavigation ................................372
6.6.1 Introduction.........................................372
6.6.2 TerrainContourNavigation............................373
6.6.3 TerrainCharacteristicMatching ........................374
6.6.4 CivilExploitationofTRN.............................375
7 AirDataandAirDataSystems ..................................377
7.1 Introduction ...............................................377
7.2 AirDataInformationandItsUse .............................377
7.2.1 AirDataMeasurement................................377
7.2.2 TheAirDataQuantitiesandTheirImportance............379
7.3 DerivationofAirDataLawsandRelationships..................383
7.3.1 Altitude–StaticPressureRelationship ...................384
7.3.2 VariationofGroundPressure ..........................388
7.3.3 AirDensityversusAltitudeRelationship ................389
7.3.4 SpeedofSound......................................390
7.3.5 Pressure–SpeedRelationships..........................392
7.3.6 MachNumber.......................................395
7.3.7 CalibratedAirspeed ..................................396
7.3.8 StaticAirTemperature................................398
7.3.9 TrueAirspeed .......................................399
7.3.10 PressureError.......................................399
7.4 AirDataSensorsandComputing .............................401
7.4.1 Introduction.........................................401
7.4.2 AirDataSystemPressureSensors ......................401
7.4.3 AirDataComputation ................................409
7.4.4 AngleofIncidenceSensors............................412
8 AutopilotsandFlightManagementSystems.......................415
8.1 Introduction ...............................................415
8.2 Autopilots.................................................417
8.2.1 BasicPrinciples .....................................417
8.2.2 HeightControl ......................................418