Introduction to Antennas and RF Propagation Analysis

334 Pages·2021·9.205 MB·English

by  Dean James Friesen

Introduction to
Antennas and
RF Propagation Analysis
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Introduction to
Antennas and
RF Propagation Analysis
Dean James Friesen
artechhouse.com
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of
Congress.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-1-63081-928-6
Cover design by Charlene Stevens
© 2022 Artech House
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To my wife, Tina (the love of my life), and my
wonderful sons, Aaron and Benjamin, each of
whom I am extremely proud
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Contents
Preface xv
PART I
RF/EM Wave Propagation Fundamentals 1
1
Introduction 3
One-Way RF Transmission-Reception 4
In-Field Application Electromagnetic
Wave Propagation Scenarios 5
2
Characteristics of Electromagnetic
Waves 11
2.1 Wave Velocity 11
2.2 Frequency and Wavelength 12
2.3 Space-Time Relationships 12
2.4 Far-Field vs Near-Field 14
2.4.1 Reactive Near-Field Region vs
Radiating Near-Field Region 15
vii
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viii Introduction to Antennas and RF Propagation Analysis
2.5 Polarization 20
2.6 Rays and Wavefronts 20
3
One-Way RF Propagation: The Friis
Equation and Free-Space Loss 21
3.1 The Friis Equation 22
3.1.1 The Four Basic Friis Equation Components 23
3.2 Free Space Loss and the Friis Equation 25
3.2.1 Implications of the Contributions of the Friis
Equation Factors to the Expected Received Power
at the Terminals of a Receive Antenna 26
PART II
Additional RF Signal Losses and Causes 29
4

Multipath Loss 31
4.1 Pattern Propagation Factor, F 33
4.1.1 Flat-Earth Model 33
4.1.2 Round-Curved Earth Model 36
4.2 Spherical-Earth Surface Irregularity(s) 41
4.2.1 Flat-Earth vs Round-Curved Earth Model for
Long-Range EM Wave Propagation Situation 42
4.2.2 Loss Factor Form 44
4.2.3 Earth Ground Indirect Ray Earth Ground
Reflection Point: Specular vs Diffuse Reflection 44
5
Fresnel Zone Loss 49
5.1 Initial Introduction 49
5.2 Physics of Fresnel Zones 51
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Contents ix
5.3 The Equation for Determining
the First Fresnel Zone 52
5.4 First Fresnel Zone Penetration Categories 53
6
Antenna Feedline Losses and Antenna
Polarization Loss 57
6.1 Antenna Feedline Loss 57
6.2 Antenna Feedline, Transmission
Line, Transmit Side 58
6.3 Antenna Feedline, Transmission
Line, Receive Side 59
6.4 In-Line RF Components 59
6.5 Antenna Polarization Loss 60
6.5.1 Linear Antenna Orientation 60
6.5.2 Circularly Polarized Antennas: Left-Hand
Circular and Right-Hand Circular 61
6.5.3 A Circularly Polarized and Linear Antenna
Installation That is Not Recommended 63
6.5.4 A Special Case Encountered
Between 2012–2020 63
7
Other Radiated RF Losses to Consider 67
7.1 EM Wave Rotation (Polarization) Loss 67
7.2 Atmosperic Loss: Water Vapor
and Oxygen Molecules 68
7.3 Attenuation by Rain, Snow, Ice, or Fog 70
7.3.1 Falling Rain 71
7.3.2 Clouds and Fog 73
7.3.3 Ice Crystals 74
7.3.4 Falling Snow and Hail 74
7.4 Ionospheric Refraction (D-Layer) Loss 75
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