Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics PDF
Preview Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics
The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook Second Edition Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook Second Edition f A T UNDAMENTALS AND SSESSMENT OOLS FOR O E CCUPATIONAL RGONOMICS I , C , A NTERVENTIONS ONTROLS AND PPLICATIONS IN O E CCUPATIONAL RGONOMICS The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook Second Edition Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics Edited by William S. Marras The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Waldemar Karwowski University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A. 1938_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, December 7, 2005 12:46 PM Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1938-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1938-9 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005052860 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Interventions, controls, and applications in occupational ergonomics / edited by William S. Marras and Waldemar Karwowski. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1938-2 (alk. paper) 1. Human engineering--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Industrial hygiene--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Marras, William S. (William Steven), date. II. Karwowski, Waldemar, date. TA166.I5685 2005 620.8'2--dc22 2005052860 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com Preface Developmentofthe2ndeditionoftheOccupationalErgonomicsHandbookwasmotivatedbyourdesire tofacilitateawideapplicationofergonomicsknowledgetoworksystemsdesign,testingandevaluation inordertoimprovethequalityoflifeformillionsofworkersaroundtheworld.Ergonomics(orhuman factors)isdefinedbytheInternationalErgonomicsAssociation(www.iea.cc)asthescientificdiscipline concernedwiththeunderstandingofinteractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem,and theprofessionthatappliestheory,principles,data,andmethodstodesigninordertooptimizehuman well-being and overall system performance. Ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments, and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities,andlimitationsofpeople. Theergonomicsdisciplinepromotesaholisticapproachtothedesignofworksystemswithduecon- sideration of the physical, cognitive, social, organizational, environmental, and other relevant factors. The application of ergonomics knowledge should help to improve work system effectiveness and reliability, increase productivity, reduce employee health care costs, and improve the quality of pro- duction processes, services, products, and working life for all employees. In this context, professional ergonomists, practitioners, and students should have a broad understanding of the full scope and breadthofknowledgeofthisdemandingandchallengingdiscipline. Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics contains a total of 52 chapters dividedintoeightparts. Part I, Ergonomics Processes, describes the elements of the ergonomics processes, including success factorsforimplementationofindustrialergonomicsprograms,practicalinterventionsinindustrythat utilize participatory approaches, surveillance, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recordkeeping requirements, and psychosocial work factors. Part II, Surveillance, discusses theinjurysurveillancedatabasesystemsandcorporatehealthmanagementforthedesignandevaluation ofhealthinindustrialorganizations.PartIII,IndustrialProcessApplications,isdevotedtoergonomics processes from the small and large industry perspectives. The main focus of Part IV, Upstream Ergonomics, is on human digital modeling, as well as facilities planning and organizational design andmacroergonomics. PartVandPartVIdealwiththeengineeringandadministrativecontrolsofwork-relatedmusculoske- letal disorders. Part V, Engineering Controls, presents the methods and techniques for engineering control, including the knowledge of what works and what does not, general solutions for the control of upper extremity and low back disorders, application of lift assist rail systems and hand tools, as wellsuchengineeringcontrolsasgloves,wristsupports,andlowerextremitysupports.PartVI,Admin- istrativeControls,discussesthetheoryandpracticeofergonomicsinterventionsintheworkplace,worker selectionforphysicallydemandingjobs,physicalabilitytesting,training,secondaryassessmentofworker functionalcapacities,interventionsforlowbackpain,humanresourcemanagementandselection,work v daylength,shiftwork,andjobrotationissues.Thispartalsoprovidesanupdateontheuseofbackbelts inindustry,anddiscussesbestpracticesforthepreventionofmusculoskeletaldisordersatwork.PartVII, MedicalManagement,addressestheissuesofmedicalmanagementofwork-relatedmusculoskeletaldis- orders,systemsapproachtorehabilitation,wristsplints,andapplicationoftheclinicallumbarmotion monitor. Finally,PartVIII,ErgonomicsIndustrialInterventions,providesanoverviewofbestpracticesforergo- nomicsinterventionswithrespecttothedesignanduseofchairsandofficefurniture,aswellasdesignof computer keyboards and notebook computers. This part also discusses ergonomics interventions in a variety of industries, including meat and poultry processing, agriculture, distribution centers (case picking),healthcare(patienthandling),aswellasservicesystems,thatis,grocerystores/bakery,furniture manufacturing, and construction industry. This section also addresses the problem of medical errors, discusses the challenges and rewards of applying ergonomics in developing areas, and looks into the futureofhumanwork. Theknowledgepresentedinthisbookshouldhelpthereaderstoimprovetheirunderstandingofthe complexinteractions between thepeople at workand other systems, which must beconsidered in the context of rapidlychanging Occupational Ergonomics technology and evolving social needs. We hope that this book will be useful to the professionals, students, and practitioners who aim to optimize the design of systems, products, and processes, manage the workers’ health and safety, and improve the overallqualityandproductivityofcontemporarybusinesses. William S. Marras TheOhioStateUniversity Waldemar Karwowski UniversityofLouisville vi About the Editors WilliamS.Marras,Ph.D.,D.Sc.(Hon),C.P.E.,holdstheHondaendowed chair in transportation in the department of industrial, welding, and systems engineering at The Ohio State University. He is the director of the biodynamics laboratory and holds joint appointments in the departments of orthopedic surgery, physical medicine, and biomedical engineering. He is also the co-director of The Ohio State University InstituteforErgonomics.Dr.MarrasreceivedhisPh.D.inbioengineering andergonomicsfromWayneStateUniversityinDetroit,Michigan.Heis alsoacertifiedprofessionalergonomist(CPE). Hisresearchiscenteredaroundoccupationalbiomechanics.Specifically, his research includes workplace biomechanical epidemiologic studies, laboratory biomechanic studies, mathematical modeling, and clinical studies of the back and wrist. His findings have been published in over 170refereedjournalarticles,7books,andover25bookchapters.Healsoholdsseveralpatents,including one for the Lumbar Motion Monitor (LMM). Professor Marras has been selected by the National Academy of Sciences to serve on several committees investigating causality and musculoskeletal disorders. He also serves as the chair of the Human Factors Committee for the National Research CouncilwithintheNationalAcademyofSciences. Hisworkhasattracted nationaland international recognition. Hehas beentwicewinner(1993and 2002) of the prestigious Swedish Volvo Award for low back pain research as well as Austria’s Vienna AwardforPhysicalMedicine.HerecentlywontheLibertyMutualPrizeforinjurypreventionresearch. Recently,hewasawardedanhonorarydoctorofsciencedegreefromtheUniversityofWaterlooforhis workonthebiomechanicsoflowbackdisorders. Inhissparemoments,Dr.MarrastrainsinShotkankarate(ablackbelt),enjoysplayingandlistening tomusic,sailing,andfishing. vii WaldemarKarwowski,Sc.D.,Ph.D.,P.E.,C.P.E.,isprofessorofindustrial engineering and director of the center for industrial ergonomics at the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. He holds an M.S. (1978) inproductionengineeringandmanagementfromtheTechnicalUniversity of Wroclaw, Poland, and a Ph.D. (1982) in industrial engineering from Texas Tech University. He was awarded the Sc.D. (dr hab.) degree in management science by the Institute for Organization and Management in Industry (ORGMASZ), Warsaw, Poland (June 2004). He is also a boardcertified professional ergonomist (BCPE). Healso received doctor of science honoris causa from the South Ukrainian State K.D. Ushynsky Pedagogical University of Odessa, Ukraine (May 2004). His research, teaching, and consulting activities focus on human system integration and safety aspects of advanced manufacturing enterprises, human–computer interaction, prevention ofwork-relatedmusculoskeletaldisorders,workplaceandequipmentdesign,andtheoreticalaspectsof ergonomicsscience. Dr. Karwowski is the author orco-author of more than 300 scientific publications (including more than 100 peer-reviewed archival journal papers) in the areas of work systems design, organization, andmanagement;macroergonomics;human–systemintegrationandsafetyofadvancedmanufacturing; industrial ergonomics; neuro-fuzzy modeling in human factors; fuzzy systems; and forensics. He has edited or co-edited 35 books, including the International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors,Taylor&Francis,London(2001). Dr. Karwowski served as a secretary-general (1997–2000) and president (2000–2003) of the Inter- nationalErgonomicsAssociation(IEA).HewaselectedasanhonoraryacademicianoftheInternational AcademyofHumanProblemsinAviationandAstronautics(Moscow,Russia,2003),andwasnamedthe alumni scholar for research (2004–2006) by the J. B. Speed School of Engineering of the University of Louisville. He has received the Jack A. Kraft Innovator Award from the Human Factors and ErgonomicsSociety,USA(2004),andserves asacorrespondingmemberoftheEuropeanAcademyof Arts,SciencesandHumanities. viii Contributors David C.Alexander Gene Buer Marvin J.Dainoff AuburnEngineers,Inc. CraneEquipmentand PsychologyDepartment Auburn,Alabama Service,Inc. MiamiUniversity SubsidiaryofColumbus Oxford,Ohio W. GaryAllread McKinnonCorp. InstituteforErgonomics Eureka,Illinois JosephM.Deeb TheOhioStateUniversity ExxonMobilBiomedical David Caple Columbus,Ohio Sciences,Inc. DavidCaple&AssociatesPtyLtd Annandale,NewJersey Melbourne,Victoria,Australia CharlesK. Anderson AdvancedErgonomics,Inc. JackDennerlein PascaleCarayon Dallas,Texas HarvardSchoolofPublicHealth EcoledesMinesde Boston,Massachusetts Nancy,France A.Asmus Industrial,WeldingandSystems Ernesto Carcamo C.G.Drury Engineering WISHAServices DepartmentofIndustrial TheOhioStateUniversity WashingtonStateDepartmentof Engineering Columbus,Ohio LaborandIndustries UniversityofBuffalo Olympia,Washington Buffalo,NewYork Ann E. Barr PhysicalTherapyDepartment Don B. Chaffin BradleyEvanoff CollegeofHealthProfessions UniversityofMichigan WashingtonUniversity TempleUniversity AnnArbor,Michigan SchoolofMedicine Philadelphia,Pennsylvania St.Louis,Missouri A.-M. Chany Industrial,WeldingandSystems Patricia Bertsche SusanEvans Engineering RossLaboratories SueEvans&Associates,Inc. TheOhioStateUniversity Chicago,Illinois Fairfax,Virginia Columbus,Ohio R.R.Bishu FadiA.Fathallah LarryJ. Chapman DepartmentofIndustrialand BiologicalandAgricultural DepartmentofBiological ManagementSystems SystemsEngineering EngineeringDepartment Engineering UniversityofCalifornia UniversityofWisconsin UniversityofNebraska Davis,California Madison,Wisconsin Lincoln,Nebraska David J. Cochran SueA. Ferguson Marilyn SueBogner DepartmentofIndustrial Industrial,WeldingandSystems InstitutefortheStudyof Engineering Engineering HumanError,LLC UniversityofNebraska TheOhioStateUniversity Bethesda,Maryland Lincoln,Nebraska Columbus,Ohio ix
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