Interventional Spine: An Algorithmic Approach PDF
Preview Interventional Spine: An Algorithmic Approach
An imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. First published 2008 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department, 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Suite 1800, Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899, USA: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804; fax: (+1) 215 239 3805; or, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Support and contact’ and then ‘Copyright and Permission’. ISBN-13: 978-0-7216-2872-1 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Notice Medical knowledge is constantly changing. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowl- edge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or ap- propriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contra- indications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the Publisher nor the author_assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. The Publisher Printed in the USA Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Commissioning Editors: Susan Pioli, Dolores Meloni Project Development Manager: Joanne Scott Editorial Assistants: Sarah Penny, Gregory De Roeck Project Manager: Alan Nicholson Design Direction: Charles Gray Illustration Manager: Gillian Richards Illustrators: Ethan Danielson, Oxford Illustrators Marketing Managers (UK/USA): Verity Kerkhoff , Kathleen Neely FM-W2872.indd iv 8/31/07 3:59:49 PM List of Contributors Arjang Abbasi DO Alvin K. Antony MD, FABPM&R, Lisa M. Bartoli DO, MS, FAAPMR Donatella Bonaiuti MD Attending Physician FABPM Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor Physiatrist Interventional Pain Management and Director, Physiatry and Pain Head Team Physician USA Rugby Chief of Rehabilitation Medicine Spine Rehabilitation Management Women’s National Team Department Long Island Spine Specialists Advanced Centers for Orthopedic Center for Health and Healing S. Gerardo Hospital Commack NY Surgery and Sports Medicine Department of Orthopedics Milan USA Clinical Instructor, Department of Beth Israel Medical Center Italy PM&R New York NY Elsayed Abdel-Moty PhD Johns Hopkins University Medical USA Guiseppe Bonaldi MD Research Associate Professor Center Director, Neuroradiology Department Department of Neurological Surgery Baltimore MD Bonnie Lee Bermas MD Department of Neuroradiology The Rosomoff Comprehensive Pain USA Associate Rheumatologist Riuniti Hospital and Rehabilitation Center Robert B. Brigham Arthritis Center Bergamo Miami Beach FL Charles N. Aprill MD Brigham and Women’s Hospital Italy Boston MA USA Clinical Professor USA Joanne Borg-Stein MD Physical Medicine and Salahadin Abdi MD, PhD Rehabilitation Sarjoo M. Bhagia MD, MSc (Orth) Assistant Professor of Physical Professor of Clinical Anesthesiology Interventional Spine Specialists Interventional Physiatrist Medicine and Rehabilitation Chief, Division of Pain Medicine Louisiana State University Health Department of Orthopedics and Department of Physical Medicine University of Miami Pain Center Science Center Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical LM Miller School of Medicine Kenner LA Miller Orthopaedic Clinic School Miami FL USA Charlotte NC Medical Director, Spaulding Wellesley USA USA Rehabilitation Center Madhuri Are MD, BA Wellesley MA David R. Adin DO Assistant Professor, Cancer Pain Amit S. Bhargava MD, MS USA Spine and Sports Fellow Management Physician Department of Physiatry Department of Anesthesiology and Interventional Spine, EMG, Kenneth P. Botwin MD Hospital for Special Surgery Pain Medicine Arthritis, Pain and Sports Medicine Fellowship Director New York NY MD Anderson Cancer Center Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Florida Spine Institute USA University of Texas Owings Mills MD Clearwater FL Houston TX USA USA Sang-Ho Ahn MD, PhD USA Atul L. Bhat MD Craig D. Brigham MD Associate Professor of Rehabilitation Clinical Instructor Physician Medicine and Spine Center Joshua D. Auerbach MD Department of Physical Medicine and OrthoCarolina Yeungnam University College Resident Rehabilitation Charlotte NC of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Tufts University School of Medicine USA Daegu University of Pennsylvania Nashua NH Republic of Korea Philadelphia PA USA Oleg Bronov MD USA Clinical Instructor in Radiology Klaus Birnbaum Priv.-Doz. Venu Akuthota MD Physician Department of Radiology/Neuro- Director Giancarlo Barolat MD Orthopädie Hennef radiology Division The Spine Center Director and CEO Hennef University of Pennsylvania Medical and Associate Professor The Barolat Institute Germany Center Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Lone Tree CO Philadelphia PA University of Colorado School of USA Nikolai Bogduk BSc(Med), MBBS, USA Medicine PhD, MD, DSc, Dip Anat, MMed Aurora CO Katrien Bartholomeeusen PT MSc (Pain Management) FAFRM, Lee Ann Brown DO USA Manual Therapy, Dip ManipTher, FAFMM, FFDM (ANZCA) Physical Medicine and MSc Sport PT Conjoint Professor of Pain Medicine Rehabilitation William A. Ante MD Head of Private Practice for Manipula- Department of Clinical Research Florida Spine Institute Attending Physiatrist tive PT and Sports PT The Newcastle Bone and Joint Institute Clearwater FL Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of Physical Education and University of Newcastle USA Tri-State Orthopaedic Surgeons, Inc. Physiotherapy Newcastle Evansville IN Lier Australia USA Belgium ix FM-W2872.indd ix 8/31/07 4:00:03 PM List of Contributors Mark D. Brown MD, PhD Larry H. Chou MD Gregory Day FRACS (Orth) Omar El-Abd MD Professor and Emeritus Chairman Medical Director, Sports and Spine Associate Professor Clinical Instructor, Interventional Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Division Department of Surgery Physiatrist Rehabilitation Premier Orthopaedic and Sports School of Medicine Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital University of Miami School of Medicine Associates, LTD Bond University Harvard Medical School Medicine Clinical Associate Professor of Queensland Wellesley MA Miami FL Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Australia USA USA University of Pennsylvania Health System Miles Day MD, FIPP, DABPM Mark I. Ellen MD, FAAPM&R Thomas N. Bryce MD Philadelphia PA Associate Professor Medical Director and Section Chief Assistant Professor USA Department of Anesthesiology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of Rehabilitation Pain Medicine Service Medicine David W. Chow MD Texas Tech University Health Sciences Birmingham Veterans Administration Mount Sinai Medical Center Medical Director Center Medical Center New York NY California Spine Center Lubbock TX Birmingham AL USA Walnut Creek CA USA USA USA Allen W. Burton MD Rick B. Delamarter MD Dawn M. Elliott PhD Associate Professor Yung Chuan Chen MD Medical Director Associate Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation The Spine Institute Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Pain Medicine Specialist, Pain Physician Santa Monica CA and Department of Bioengineering University of Texas Physical Medicine and USA University of Pennsylvania MD Anderson Cancer Center Rehabilitation Philadelphia PA Houston TX Spinal Diagnostics and Treatment Michael J. DePalma MD USA USA Center Associate Professor Director, VCU Spine Center Clifford R. Everett MD, MPH Daly City CA John A. Carrino MD, MPH Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics USA Assistant Professor of Radiology Virginia Commonwealth University Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Gianluca Cinotti MD Richmond VA Department of Orthopaedics Department of Radiology Registrar USA University of Rochester Brigham and Women’s Hopsital Orthopaedic Surgery Rochester NY Boston MA Clinical Orthopedics Richard Derby MD USA USA Universita of Rome Medical Director Italy Spinal Diagnostics and Treatment Center Amir H. Fayyazi Bojun Chen MD, PhD Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor Assistant Professor Clinical Instructor Steven P. Cohen MD Division of Physical Medicine and Department of Orthopedics Department of Rehabilitation Associate Professor Rehabilitation Institute for Spine Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Stanford University Medical Center Syracuse NY Mount Sinai Medical Center Critical Care Medicine Daly City CA USA New York NY John Hopkins School of Medicine USA USA Baltimore MD Claudio A. Feler MD, FACS USA Timothy R. Dillingham MD, MS Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Yung Chuan Chen MD Professor and Chairman Spine Institute Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Paul Cooke MD, FABPM&R Dept of Physical Medicine and Associate Professor Specialist, Pain Physician, Physiatrist Assistant Attending Physiatrist Rehabilitation Department of Neurosurgery Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital for Special Surgery The Medical College of Wisconsin University of Tennessee Health Spinal Diagnostics and Treatment Attending Physician, The Medical Brookfield WI Science Center Center Center of Princeton USA Memphis TN Daly City CA Princeton, NJ USA USA USA Carol A. Dolinskas MD, FACR Clinical Associate Professor of Radiology Julius Fernandez MD Cynthia Chin MD Anthony R. Cucuzzella MD University of Pennsylvania Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Associate Professor of Clinical Medical Staff Philadelphia PA Spine Institute Radiology Christiana Care Health System USA Assistant Professor Department of Radiology Christiana Spine Center Department of Neurosurgery University of California, San Francisco Newark NJ Jonathan A. Drezner MD University of Tennessee Health San Francisco CA USA Associate Professor, Team Physician Science Center USA Associate Director, Sports Medicine Memphis TN Richard J. Daniels MD Fellowship USA Kingsley R. Chin MD Staff Interventional Radiologist Department of Family Medicine Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic University Hospital Pennsylvania Hall Health Sports Medicine Robert Ferrari MD, FRCPC, FACP Surgery Philadelphia PA University of Washington Clinical Professor Division of Spine Surgery USA Seattle WA University of Alberta Hospital Hospital of the University of USA Edmonton AB Pennsylvania Kenny S. David MS(Orth) Canada Philadelphia PA Consultant Thomas Edrich MD, PhD USA Department of Orthopaedic Instructor of Anesthesia Jeffrey S. Fischgrund MD Surgery Department of Anesthesiology Attending Orthopaedic Surgeon Christian Medical College Brigham and Women’s Hospital William Beaumont Hospital Vellore Boston MA Royal Oak MI India USA USA x FM-W2872.indd x 8/31/07 4:00:06 PM List of Contributors David A. Fishbain MD, BSc (Hon), Robert J. Gatchel PhD, ABPP Stephen Hanks MD Stefan Hellinger MD MSc, FAPA Professor and Chairman Assistant Professor of Clinical Orthopaedic Surgeon, Spine Professor of Psychiatry and Department of Psychology Orthopaedic Surgery Surgeon Adjunct Professor of Neurological College of Science, University of Texas Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedics Surgery at Arlington University of Arizona Health Sciences Isar Klinik Munich University of Miami Arlington TX Center Munich Rosomoff Pain Center USA Pittsburgh PA Germany Miami Beach FL USA USA Peter Gerner MD Steven Helper MD Assistant Professor of Matthew Hannibal MD Physiatrist Colleen M. Fitzgerald MD Anesthesiology Orthopedic Surgeon Penn Spine Fellow Medical Director, Women’s Health Department of Anesthesiology San Francisco Orthopedic Surgeons University of Pennsylvania Rehabilitation Brigham and Women’s Hospital San Francisco CA Philadelphia PA Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Boston MA USA USA Assistant Professor USA Physical Medicine and Mouchir Harb MD Harry N. Herkowitz MD Rehabilitation Peter C. Gerszten MD, MPH, FACS Attending Physician Chairman Northwestern University Feinberg Associate Professor of Neurological Spring Valley Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery School of Medicine Surgery Las Vegas NV William Beaumont Hospital Chicago IL Department of Neurological USA Royal Oak MI USA Surgery USA Presbyterian University Hospital Donal F. Harney MD, Dip Pain Med, Yizhar Floman MD Pittsburgh PA CARCSI, FCARCSI Harish S. Hosalkar, MD, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery USA Department of Anesthesiology MBMS(Orth), FCPS (Orth), DNB Israel Spine Center Pain Management and Research (Orth) Assuta Hospital Russell V. Gilchrist DO Center Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon Tel Aviv Assistant Professor University Hospital Maastricht Department of Orthopedic Surgery Israel Department of Physical Medicine and Maastricht University of Pennsylvania Rehabilitation The Netherlands Philadelphia PA Edward J. Fox MD University of Pittsburgh Medical USA Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Center Mark A. Harrast MD Surgery Pittsburgh PA Clinical Associate Professor of Reha- Kenneth Hsu MD Division of Orthopaedic Oncology USA bilitation Medicine and Orthopaedics Attending Orthopaedic Surgeon Hospital of the University of and Sports Medicine Spine Center Pennsylvania Robert S. Gotlin DO, FAAPMR University of Washington St. Mary’s Hospital and Medical Philadelphia PA Director, Orthopaedic and Sports Seattle WA Center USA Rehabilitation USA San Francisco CA Assistant Professor, Rehabilitation USA Michael B. Furman MD, MS Medicine Syed Anees Hasan MD Clinical Assistant Professor Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Spine Fellow Raymond D. Hubbard MD Department of Physical Medicine and Yeshiva University Penn Spine Center, HUP Pre-doctoral Fellow Rehabilitation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health Department of Bioengineering Temple University School of Continuum Center for Health and System University of Pennsylvania Medicine Healing Philadelphia PA Philadelphia PA Philadelphia PA New York NY USA USA USA USA Sara Ruth Sanne Haspeslagh, MD, Christopher W. Huston MD Rollin M. Gallagher MD, MPH, M. Sean Grady MD FIPP Consultant to Phoenix Suns, Mercury DABPM Professor and Chairman Anesthesiologist, Pain Specialist and Arizona Rattlers Director of Pain Management Department of Neurosurgery Department of Anesthesiology The Orthopedic Clinic Association Department of Anesthesiology University of Pennsylvania School of AZ Sint-Augustinus Hospital Phoenix AZ Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Medicine Wilrijk USA Center Philadelphia PA Belgium Victor W. Isaac MD, FAAPMR Philadelphia PA USA James Heavner PhD, DVM Associate Director USA Richard D. Guyer MD Professor Center for Spine, Joint and Neuro- Steven R. Garfin MD Associate Clinical Professor Department of Anesthesiology muscular Rehabilitation Professor and Chair Department of Orthopedics Texas Tech University Health Sciences Brentwood TN Department of Orthopedics University of Texas Center USA University of California San Diego PlanoTX Lubbock TX San Diego CA USA United States Zacharia Isaac MD Instructor USA Andrew J. Haig MD, FAAEM, Johannes Hellinger MD Physical Medicine and Timothy A. Garvey MD FAAPMR Professor of Orthopaedics, Spine Rehabilitation Staff Surgeon Associate Professor Surgeon Harvard Medical School Twin Cities Spine Center Physical Medicine and Department of Orthopaedics Chestnut Hill MA Minneapolis MN Rehabilitation Isar Klinik Munich USA USA and Orthopedic Surgery Munich University of Michigan Germany Ann Arbor MI USA xi FM-W2872.indd xi 8/31/07 4:00:11 PM List of Contributors James D. Kang MD Daniel H. Kim MD, FACS Joseph M. Lane MD Donald Liss MD Professor of Orthopaedic and Neuro- Assistant Clinical Professor Professor Orthopaedic Surgeon Assistant Clinical Professor of logical Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Orthopaedic Surgery Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The Boston Spine Group Hospital for Special Surgery Columbia University College of University of Pittsburgh School Boston MA New York NY Physicians and Surgeons of Medicine USA USA New York NY Pittsburgh PA and Attending Physician USA David H. Kim MD Hoang N. Le MD The Physical Medicine and Assistant Clinical Professor Clinical Instructor in Neurosurgery Rehabilitation Center Brinda S. Kantha DO Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Neurosurgery Englewood NJ Attending Physician Tufts University Medical School Stanford Medical Center USA New Jersey Institute of Minimally New England Baptist Hospital Palo Alto CA Invasive Spine Surgery The Boston Spine Group USA Howard Liss MD West Orange NJ Boston MA Assistant Clinical Professor of USA USA Kathryn E. Lee Rehabilitation Medicine Pre-doctoral Fellow Columbia University College of Frederick S. Kaplan MD Mark A. Knaub MD Department of Bioengineering Physicians and Surgeons Isaac and Rose Nassau Professor of Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics University of Pennsylvania New York NY Orthopaedic Molecular Medicine and Rehabilitation Philadelphia PA and Attending Physician Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical USA The Physical Medicine and University of Pennsylvania School of Center Rehabilitation Center MPUhSeiAdlaidcienlpehia PA PHUeSenArsnh Setya PteA College of Medicine SPRheasynesgaia-rHtcrheis otPnh yLseicei aMnD, PhD EUnSgAlewood NJ Spinal Diagnostics and Treatment Steven M. Lobel MD Brian J. Krabak MD, MBA Center Jaro Karppinen MD, PhD, BSc Fellow Professor of Physical and Clinical Associate Professor Daly City CA Georgia Pain Physicians Training Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Rehabilitation USA Program Medicine Department of Occupational University of Washington David A. Lenrow MD, JD Atlanta GA Medicine Seattle WA Vice Chair of Clinical Affairs USA Finnish Institute of Occupational USA Associate Professor Health Carmen E López-Acevedo MD Department of Physical Medicine Oulu Associate Professor Elliot S. Krames MD and Rehabilitation Helsinki Department of Physical Medicine, Medical Director Hospital of the University of Finland Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Department of Anesthesiology Pennsylvania University of Puerto Rico School of Pacific Pain Treatment Centers Philadephia PA Yoshiharu Kawaguchi MD, PhD Medicine San Francisco CA USA Assistant Professor San Juan USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Paul H. Lento MD Puerto Rico Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical Assistant Professor, Northwestern Per O. J. Kristiansson MD, PhD University Associate Professor of General Medical School and Susan M. Lord BMedSc, BMed, PhD, Toyama Practice Attending Physician, Center for Spine, FANZCA, FFPMANZCA Japan Department of Public Health and Sports and Occupational Staff Specialist, Pain Medicine Caring Sciences Rehabilitation Division of Anaesthesia, Intensive CARReehtthhreiaansbbtdiiiillnniittagaa tt KPiiooehnnryg sIneicrsi taHintyu, ntWee oosm fM CeDhni’sc aHgeoalth UUSwppeppdssaaellnaa University RCUehShiAcaabgiolit IaLtion Institute of Chicago CJNAoauehrswent r &LaHal uPimaanibtnet orM nHa oHnsaepgigitehamltse NntSW Instructor, Physical Medicine and Isador H. Lieberman BSc, MD, MBA, Rehabilitation Jukka-Pekka Kouri MD FRCS(C) William W. Lu PhD, MHKIE Northwestern University Feinberg Specialist in Physical Medicine and Professor of Surgery Associate Professor School of Medicine Rehabilitation Spine Institute Department of Orthopaedics and Chicago IL Pain Specialist Cleveland Clinic Traumatology USA Helsinki Cleveland OH The University of Hong Kong Finland USA Hong Kong Byung-Jo Kim MD, PhD China Associate Professor of Neurology Richard D. Lackman MD, FACS Julie T. Lin Department of Neurology Associate Professor and Chairman Assistant Professor Keith D. K. Luk Korea University College of Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Rehabilitation Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Medicine Hospital of the University of Medicine Department of Orthopedic Surgery Seongbuk-Gu Pennsylvania Weill Medical College of Cornell Duchess of Kent Children’s Hospital Seoul Philadelphia PA University University of Hong Kong Korea USA New York NY Hong Kong USA China Choll W. Kim MD, PhD Francis P. Lagattuta MD Assistant Professor, Minimally Fellowship Director Jason S. Lipetz MD Gregory E. Lutz MD Invasive Orthopaedic Surgery LAGS Spine and Sportscare Medical Assistant Professor Physiatrist-in-Chief Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Center, Inc. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Hospital for Special Surgery University of California Santa Maria CA Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York NY San Diego CA USA East Meadow NY USA USA USA xii FM-W2872.indd xii 8/31/07 4:00:15 PM List of Contributors Jean-Yves Maigne MD Ian Bruce McPhee FRACS (ortho) Michael Ray Moore MD Ashley Lewis Park MD, FACP Head, Department of Physical Associate Professor Orthopaedics Clinical Assistant Professor of Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine Medicine Division of Orthopaedics Surgery Department of Internal Medicine Hôtel-Dieu Hospital The University of Queensland The Bone and Joint Center Division of Rehabilitation Paris Queensland The University of North Dakota University of Tennesee College of France Australia School of Medicine and Health Medicine Sciences Staff Physician, Campbell Gerard A. Malanga MD Samir Mehta MD Bismarck ND Orthopaedic Clinic Director, New Jersey Sports Institute Resident USA Germantown TN New Jersey Medical School Department of Orthopaedic Surgery USA West Orange NJ University of Pennsylvania Michael H. Moskowitz MD MPH USA Philadelphia PA Assistant Clinical Professor Vikram Parmar MD USA Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Physician Julie Marley PT, Dip MDT University of California Davis Opelousas General Health System Physical Therapist Renée S. Melfi MD Sacramento CA Opelousas LA Spine Center Physician and Bay Area Pain Medical Associates USA Christiana Spine Center Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mill Valley CA Newark NJ Orthopaedic Associates of Central USA Rajeev K. Patel MD USA New York Assistant Professor Orthopaedics Syracuse NY S. Ali Mostoufi MD Department of Orthopaedics Richard Materson MD USA Interventional Physiatrist University Orthopaedic Associates Clinical Professor, Physical Medicine MGH Spine Center Pittsford NY and Rehabilitation Thomas Metkus BS MGH Pain Clinic USA Baylor College of Medicine and Associate Professor Boston MA University of Texas Medical School Department of Neurosurgery USA Andrew Perry MD and Chairman of the Board, Institute University of Pennsylvania School of Orthopaedic Resident for Religion and Health Medicine Scott F. Nadler DO University of California San Diego Texas Medical Center Philadelphia PA Formerly, Professor San Diego CA Houston TX USA Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation USA USA Randolph NJ Mathew Michaels MD USA Frank M. Phillips MD Christopher J. Mattern MD Consultant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Orthopaedic Resident Georgia Pain Physicians, PC Stefano Negrini MD Rush University Medical Center Hospital for Special Surgery Atlanta GA Scientific Director Chicago IL New York NY USA Italian Scientific Spine Institute (ISICO) USA USA Milan William F. Micheo MD Italy Robert J. Pignolo MD, PhD Eric A.K. Mayer MD Chairman and Professor Assistant Professor of Medicine Physician Department of Physical Medicine, Markus Niederwanger MD Department of Medicine Productive Rehabilitation Institute of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Fellow Division of Geriatric Medicine Dallas for Ergonomics University of Puerto Rico School of Georgia Pain Physicians Training University of Pennsylvania School of Dallas TX Medicine Program Medicine USA San Juan Atlanta GA Philadelphia PA USA USA USA Tom G. Mayer MD Medical Director, Productive Evan R. Minkoff DO Conor W. O’Neill MD Christopher T. Plastaras MD Rehabilitation Institute of Dassas Physician Comprehensive Spine Diagnostics Assistant Professor for Ergonomics Desert Pain and Rehabilitation Medical Group, Inc Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Associates Daly City CA Feinberg Northwestern School of Surgery Palm Desert CA USA Medicine University of Texas Southwestern USA Chicago IL Medical Center Donna D. Ohnmeiss Dr.Med USA Dallas TX Peter J. Moley MD President USA Assistant Attending Physiatrist Texas Back Institute Research Franco Postacchini MD HSS Affiliated Physician’s Office Foundation Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Frank McCabe MPT Cert. MDT Old Greenwich CT Plano TX Clinical Orthopedics Physical Therapist USA USA University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ Physical Therapy Rome Wallace, Glick and McCabe Physical Marco Monticone MD Raymond W.J.G Ostelo PhD, PT Italy Therapy and Fitness Researcher Doctor of Epidemiology Montgomery PA Italian Scientific Spine Institute Institute for Research in Extramural Roberto Postacchini MD USA Milan Medicine (EMGO) Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Italy Institute VU Medical Centre Clinica Ortopedica Colleen McLaughlin BSRT Amsterdam University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ Gul Moonis MD Radiology Technologist The Netherlands Rome Assistant Professor of Radiology Penn Spine Center Italy Department of Radiology/Neuro- University of Pennsylvania Health Jeffrey Ostrowski PT System radilgy Division Physical Therapist Ben B. Pradhan MD, MSE Philadelphia PA University of Pennsylvania Medical Excel Physical Therapy Director of Clinical Research USA Center Philadelphia PA The Spine Institute Philadelphia PA USA Santa Monica CA USA USA xiii FM-W2872.indd xiii 8/31/07 4:00:19 PM List of Contributors Joshua P. Prager MD, MS, DABPM Ryan S. Reeves MD Terry C. Sawchuk MD Ramnik Singh MD Director Medical Director, Spine Team Texas Adjunct Professor Attending Physician Department of Anesthesiology and Attending Physiatrist, Spine Team Intermountain Spine Institute Institute for Spinal Disorders Internal Medicine Texas University of Utah Cedars-Sinai Medical Center UCLA Pain Medicine Center Southlake TX Salt Lake City UT Los Angeles CA Los Angeles CA USA USA USA USA Luke Rigolosi MD Jerome Schofferman MD Clayton D Skaggs DC Heidi Prather DO Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Director of Research and Associate Professor of Research Associate Professor New Jersey Medical School Education Logan University Chief, Section of Physical Medicine University of Medicine and Dentistry Spine Care Medical Group Adjunct Instructor and Rehabilitation of New Jersey San Francisco Spine Institute Department of Obstetrics Department of Orthopedics University Hospital Daly City CA Washington University Washington University School of Newark NJ USA St Louis MO Medicine USA USA St Louis MO James Schuster MD, PhD USA Hubert L. Rosomoff MD, DMedSc, Assistant Professor Jan Slezak MD FAAPM Department of Neurosurgery Medical Director of Northeast Pain Adriana S. Prawak DO Medical Director The Hospital of the University Research Center Attending Physician and Partner The Rosomoff Comprehensive Pain of Pennsylvania Interventional Spine Medicine Sports and Spine Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Center Philadelphia PA Barrington NH Division Miami Jewish Home and Hospital at USA USA Premier Orthopaedic and Sports Douglas Gardens Medicine Associates, LTD Miami Beach FL Eric D. Schwartz Curtis W. Slipman MD Havertown PA USA Associate Professor of Radiology Director, Penn Spine Center USA Department of Radiology/Neuro- Associate Professor of Physical Renee Steele Rosomoff RN, BSN, radiology Division Medicine and Rehabilitation Joel M. Press MD MBA University of Pittsburgh Medical University of Pennsylvania Health Attending Physician Program Director Center System Spine and Sports Rehabilitation The Rosomoff Comprehensive Pain Pittsburgh PA Philadelphia PA Center, Rehabilitation Institute of and Rehabilitation Center USA USA Chicago Miami Beach FL and Associate Professor USA Rinoo Vasant Shah MD, DABPMR, Wesley L. Smeal MD Department of Physical Medicine and DABPMR (Pain), DABPM Attending Physician, Spine and Rehabilitation Sarah M. Rothman Assistant Professor Sports Rehabilitation Center Northwestern University Pre-doctoral Fellow Department of Anesthesiology Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Bioengineering Guthrie Clinic Instructor, Department of Physical Chicago IL University of Pennsylvania Horseheads NY Medicine and Rehabilitation USA Philadelphia PA USA Northwestern University – Feinberg USA School of Medicine G. X. Qiu MD Parag Sheth MD Chicago IL Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Anthony S. Russell MA, MBBChir, Assistant Professor of Medicine USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery FRCP, FRCPC, FACP Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Peking Union Medical College Professor of Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine Jennifer L. Solomon MD Hospital University of Alberta New York NY Clinical Instructor Beijing Edmonton AB USA Physical Medicine and PR China Canada Rehabilitation Frederick A. Simeone MD, FACS Gabor B. Racz MD, DABA, FIPP, Emeritus Professor of Neurosurgery Weill Medical College of Cornell ABMP, ABIPP Bjorn Rydevik MD, PhD University of Pennsylvania School of University Professor and Chair Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Medicine New York NY Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Orthopaedics Philadelphia PA USA Salgrenska University Hospital Pain Management USA Texas Tech University Gothenburg Hillel M. Sommer MD, FRCPC, CSPQ, Lubbock TX Sweden Alexander C. Simotas MD Dip. Sport Med USA Assistant Professor of Rehabilitation Associate Professor Durgadas Sakalkale MD Medicine Physical Medicine and Kristjan T. Ragnarsson MD Clinical Instructor Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine Rehabilitation Professor and Chairman Department of Orthopaedics and Weill Medical College of Cornell University of Manitoba Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Rehabilitation University Winnipeg MB Mount Sinai Medical Center Yale University School of Medicine New York NY Canada New York NY New Haven CT USA USA USA Brad Sorosky MD Gurkirpal Singh BS, MBBS, MD Clinical Instructor Raj D. Rao MD Robert Savarese DO Adjunct Clinical Professor of Medicine Department of Physical Medicine and Director of Spine Surgery Physician Division of Gastroenterology and Rehabilitation Department of Orthopedic Surgery Jacksonville Orthopedic Institute Hepatology Northwestern Feinberg School of Medical College of Wisconsin Jacksonville FL Stanford University School of Medicine Medicine Milwaukee WI USA Stanford CA Chicago IL USA USA USA xiv FM-W2872.indd xiv 8/31/07 4:00:23 PM List of Contributors Daniel Southern MD Carlos F. Tirado MD Christophe Van de Wiele MD, PhD Douglas S. Won MD Danbury Orthopedic Associates Clinical Research Fellow in Addiction Department of Nuclear Medicine Attending Spine Surgeon Danbury CT University of Pennsylvania Treatment University Hospital Gent Southwest Spine Institute USA Research Centre Gent Irving TX Philadelphia PA Belgium USA Gwendolyn A. Sowa MD, PhD USA Assistant Professor of Physical Maarten van Kleef Kirkham Wood MD Medicine and Rehabilitation John E. Tobey MD Head of Department of Anesthesiol- Associate Professor Center for Sports, Spine and Clinical Instructor, Department of ogy and Pain Management Department of Orthopaedics Occupational Rehabilitation Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Pain Management and Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital Pittsburgh PA University of Colorado Health University Hospital Maastricht Boston MA USA Sciences Center Maastricht USA Boulder CO The Netherlands Milan P. Stojanovic PhD USA Chandra S Yerramalli PhD Director, Interventional Pain Program Jan Van Zundert MD, PhD, FIPP Department of Orthopaedic Surgery HMS Anaesthesia Daisuke Togawa MD, PhD Head of Multidisciplinary Pain Centre McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Massachusetts General Hospital Adjunct Staff Anesthesiologist, Department of University of Pennsylvania Boston MA Spine Centre Anesthesiology, Pain Management Philadelphia PA USA Hakodate Central General Hospital and Research Centre, USA Hakodate City University Hospital Maastricht William J. Sullivan MD Hokkaido Maastricht Anthony T. Yeung MD Assistant Professor Japan The Netherlands Orthopedic Surgeon Department of Physical Medicine Arizona Institute for Minimally Jesse T. Torbert MD, MS and Rehabilitation Kamen Vlassakov MD Invasive Spine Care Orthopaedic Tumour Post-Doctoral University of Colorado at Denver and Director, Division of Orthopaedic and Arizona Orthopedic Surgeons Research Fellow Health Sciences Centre Regional Anesthesia Phoenix AZ Pennsylvania Hospital Aurora CO Brigham and Women’s Hospital USA Philadelphia PA USA Boston MA USA USA Christopher Alan Yeung MD Gul Koknel Talu MD Voluntary Clinical Instructor Carlo Trevisan MD Associate Professor of Anesthesiology John B. Weigele MD, PhD Department of Orthopedic Surgery Medical Specialist Surgeon in Department of Algology Assistant Professor of Radiology University of California San Diego Orthopedics Medical Faculty of Istanbul University Department of Radiology School of Medicine Clinical Orthopedics Istanbul Hospital of the University of Phoenix AZ University of Milan–Bicocca Turkey Pennsylvania USA Monza Philadelphia PA Italy Andrea Tarquinio RN USA Way Yin MD Head Nurse John J. Triano DC, PhD, FCCS(C) Medical Director Penn Spine Center Director William C. Welch MD Spinal Diagnostics; Interventional Hospital of the University of Chiropractic Division Chief of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania Pain Management Pennsylvania Texas Back Institute Hospital Interventional Medical Associates of Philadelphia PA Plano TX Professor of Neurosurgery Bellingham, PC USA USA Clinical Practices of the University of Bellingham WA Pennsylvenia USA Philip Tasca MD Mark D. Tyburski MD University of Pennsylvania Health Assistant Clinical Professor of Physiatrist System Faisel M. Zaman MD, Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Physical Medicine and Philadelphia PA FAAPMR&ABPM Columbia University Medical Center Rehabilitation USA Interventional Physiatrist New York NY Spine Clinic Intermountain Spine Institute and Interventional Physiatrist Roseville CA C. Y. Wen MMedSc MBBS Affiliate Faculty, University of Utah The Physical Medicine and USA Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, PA Traumatology Rehabilitation Englewood NJ Mohammad N. Uddin MD Clinical Science Building Salt Lake City UT USA Pain Management Physician Prince of Wales Hospital USA APAC Centers for Pain Management Hong Kong Santhosh A. Thomas DO, FAAPM&R Chicago IL China James F. Zucherman MD Medical Director, Spine Center USA Medical Director Co-Director, Medical Spine Fellowship Robert E. Windsor MD FAAPMR Orthopedic Spine Surgeon Cleveland Clinic Foundation Alexander Vaccaro MD, FACS FAAPM FAAEM St Mary’s Spine Center Westlake OH Professor and Co-chief, Spine Division President San Francisco CA USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Georgia Pain Physicians, PC USA Rothman Institute Atlanta GA Issada Thongtrangan MD Philadelphia PA USA Department of Neurosurgery USA Stanford University Medical Center Beth A. Winklestein PhD Vijay B. Vad MD Palo Alto CA Assistant Professor of Bioengineering Assistant Professor USA and Neurosurgery Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Bioengineering Weill Medical College of Cornell University of Pennsylvania University Philadelphia PA New York NY USA USA xv FM-W2872.indd xv 8/31/07 4:00:27 PM Preface Two decades ago, the notion that the variety of disciplines that practice can be managed with medications, therapy and possibly injection spine care would universally embrace the concept of a comprehensive or other percutaneous procedures. We want the reader to under- algorithmic approach was an anathema. While this methodical, step- stand when surgery can be delayed, when it should be avoided, and wise approach had been practiced by the spine surgical community when it is required. It is also our hope that this text will provide a the other specialties treating patients with spinal disorders have had a stepwise approach for those patients that have disorders that fall haphazard orientation. Some disciplines offered a singular technique, under the former two situations. Some of our algorithms are uni- which was used to treat all painful conditions, while others used ‘a versally accepted, while others represent the idiosyncratic approach little of this, and a little of that’. As the years passed, a variety of in- of the author. In fact, there are several instances in which the same fluences have irrevocably changed the perspective that conservative problem is attacked in a different way by two authors. Since the care cannot be appropriately integrated with the surgical approach. science of medical rehabilitation and interventional spine care is Among the propelling factors have been cohort and randomized stud- evolving, it is no surprise that spine practitioners may have differ- ies of patients undergoing medical rehabilitation and interventional ent views regarding which tests to request, the order of diagnostic spine care; an explosion in the number of physicians who practice and treatment interventions and which therapeutic alternatives are interventional spine/pain medicine; education of the lay communi- best. However, within that expected and reasonable diversity of ty, which has been accelerated by the internet, and their desire to opinion a central belief should be conveyed to the reader. Patients pursue the least aggressive treatment available; and malpractice law- deserve the least aggressive care feasible, but the alternatives must suits predicated on surgery having been performed without adequate be chosen by the individual spine practitioners’ interpretation of the conservative treatment. This book represents the culmination of the literature and their clinical experience. When this is accomplished, growth and development of the diagnosis and treatment of patients an algorithmic approach can be offered that adequately balances with spinal pain. Indeed, the composition of editors underscores the the potential outcomes and known side effects or complications. importance this integrated approach has taken. As our understanding of painful spinal disorders evolves we should Our focus has been to write about algorithmic approaches for a expect that most patients with a particular disorder will be treated variety of conditions. A basic premise and a central theme of this in a similar fashion and we believe this textbook places us closer to text is that certain disorders require immediate surgery, but most this penultimate goal. Curtis W. Slipman 2007 xvii FM-W2872.indd xvii 8/31/07 4:00:32 PM
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