Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols and Standards

403 Pages·2018·8.58 MB·English

by  Simone Cirani

InternetofThings

Internet of Things
Architectures,ProtocolsandStandards
SimoneCirani
CaligooInc.,Chicago,IL,USA
GianluigiFerrari
DepartmentofEngineeringandArchitecture
UniversityofParma,Parma(PR),Italy
MarcoPicone
CaligooInc.,Chicago,IL,USA
LucaVeltri
DepartmentofEngineeringandArchitecture
UniversityofParma,Parma(PR),Italy
Thiseditionfirstpublished2019
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Cirani,Simone,1982-author.|Ferrari,Gianluigi,1974-author.|
Picone,Marco,1984-author.|Veltri,Luca,author.
Title:Internetofthings:architectures,protocolsandstandards/Simone
Cirani,Taneto,Gattatico(RE),Italy,Ph.D.,GianluigiFerrari,Ph.D.,
MarcoPicone,Gattatico(RE),ItalyPh.D.,LucaVeltri,Ph.D.,Parma(PR),
Italy.
Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,2019.|
Identifiers:LCCN2018021870(print)|LCCN2018028978(ebook)|ISBN
9781119359685(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119359708(ePub)|ISBN9781119359678
(hardcover)
Subjects:LCSH:Internetofthings.
Classification:LCCTK5105.8857(ebook)|LCCTK5105.8857.C552019(print)|
DDC004.67/8–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018021870
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
“Machinestakemebysurprisewithgreatfrequency.”
(AlanMathisonTuring)
Iwouldliketodedicatethiswork:ToPaola,theloveofmylife,my
hero,mystrength.YouarewhatIlivefor.Tomywonderfulmomand
dad.Youhavealwayssupportedme.Yougavemeeverything.You
taughtmethevalueofworkandcommitment.Yougiftedmewithyour
love.Youarealwaysinmyheartandthoughts.Tomyfantasticsisters,
whohavealwaysbeenanexample.Youbelievedinmeandblessedme
withyourlove,joy,andlaughs.Tomygrandma,youwillalwayshave
aspecialplaceinmyheart.Youareanincredibleinspiration.Imiss
you.ToJonas,whohastaughtmethepassionforknowledge,
exploration,andscience.ToEmilandEmma,Iwishyouallthebest.I
amproudofyou.Iwillneversaythanksenough.Iloveyouall.Thanks
toMarco,Gianluigi,andLuca,Iamreallyproudandhonoredtohave
workedandresearchedwithyou.Iamsoproudofwhatwehave
achievedintheseyears.Finally,thankstoallmycolleagues,oldand
new,whocontributedtomakethisbookhappeninonewayoranother.
SimoneCirani
Tothewomenofmylife,Anna,Sofia,andViola:Youfillmyheartand
brightenmydays.
GianluigiFerrari
ToEleonoraandmyparents,AntonioandMarina,whoarealwaysby
mysideineverychoiceanddecision.Aspecialthankstoallthepeople
whoworkedwithus,supportedourvision,andsharedthechallenges
duringtheseyears.
MarcoPicone
Tomyfamily.
LucaVeltri

vii
Contents
Preface xv
1 Preliminaries,Motivation,andRelatedWork 1
1.1 WhatistheInternetofThings? 1
1.2 WirelessAd-hocandSensorNetworks:TheAncestors
withoutIP 2
1.3 IoT-enabledApplications 3
1.3.1 HomeandBuildingAutomation 3
1.3.2 SmartCities 4
1.3.3 SmartGrids 4
1.3.4 IndustrialIoT 5
1.3.5 SmartFarming 7
2 Standards 9
2.1 “Traditional”InternetReview 9
2.1.1 Physical/LinkLayer 10
2.1.1.1 IEEE802.3(Ethernet) 11
2.1.1.2 IEEE802.11 12
2.1.2 NetworkLayer 14
2.1.2.1 IPv6andIPv4 14
2.1.3 TransportLayer 17
2.1.3.1 TCPandUDP 19
2.1.4 ApplicationLayer 21
2.1.4.1 HTTP 21
2.1.4.2 AMQP 22
2.1.4.3 SIP 23
2.2 TheInternetofThings 25
viii Contents
2.2.1 DesigningtheArchitectureofanIP-basedInternetof
Things 26
2.2.2 Physical/LinkLayer 28
2.2.2.1 IEEE802.15.4andZigBee 28
2.2.2.2 Low-powerWi-Fi 30
2.2.2.3 BluetoothandBLE 31
2.2.2.4 PowerlineCommunications 32
2.2.3 NetworkLayer 33
2.2.3.1 The6LoWPANAdaptationLayer 34
2.2.4 TransportLayer 34
2.2.5 ApplicationLayer 34
2.2.5.1 CoAP 35
2.2.5.2 CoSIPProtocolSpecification 60
2.3 TheIndustrialIoT 76
3 Interoperability 79
3.1 ApplicationsintheIoT 79
3.2 TheVerticals:Cloud-basedSolutions 80
3.3 RESTArchitectures:TheWebofThings 81
3.3.1 REST:TheWebasaPlatform 82
3.3.1.1 Resource-orientedArchitectures 83
3.3.1.2 RESTArchitectures 84
3.3.1.3 RepresentationofResources 84
3.3.1.4 ResourceIdentifiers 85
3.3.1.5 Statelessness 86
3.3.1.6 ApplicationsasFinite-stateMachines 86
3.3.1.7 HypermediaastheEngineofApplicationState 86
3.3.2 RichardsonMaturityModel 88
3.3.2.1 Level0:theSwampofPOX 88
3.3.2.2 Level1:Resources 90
3.3.2.3 Level2:HTTPVerbs 90
3.3.2.4 Level3:Hypermedia 95
3.3.2.5 TheMeaningoftheLevels 97
3.4 TheWebofThings 97
3.5 MessagingQueuesandPublish/Subscribe
Communications 98
3.5.1 AdvantagesofthePub/SubModel 99
3.5.2 DisadvantagesofthePub/SubModel 100
3.5.3 MessageQueueTelemetryTransport 100
3.5.3.1 MQTTversusAMQP 101
Contents ix
3.6 SessionInitiationfortheIoT 102
3.6.1 Motivations 102
3.6.2 LightweightSessionsintheIoT 104
3.6.2.1 AProtocolforConstrainedSessionInitiation 106
3.6.2.2 SessionInitiation 106
3.6.2.3 SessionTear-down 108
3.6.2.4 SessionModification 108
3.7 PerformanceEvaluation 109
3.7.1 Implementation 109
3.7.2 ExperimentalResults 111
3.7.3 Conclusions 114
3.8 OptimizedCommunications:theDual-network
ManagementProtocol 115
3.8.1 DNMPMotivations 115
3.8.2 RelatedWork 117
3.8.3 TheDNMPProtocol 118
3.8.4 ImplementationwithIEEE802.15.4andIEEE802.11s 123
3.8.4.1 LPLTNetworking 123
3.8.4.2 HPHTNetworking 123
3.8.4.3 NodeIntegration 124
3.8.5 PerformanceEvaluation 125
3.8.5.1 ExperimentalSetup 125
3.8.5.2 OperationalLimitationsofIEEE802.15.4 126
3.8.6 IEEE802.15.4-controlledSelectiveActivationofthe
IEEE802.11sNetwork 129
3.8.7 Conclusions 130
3.9 DiscoverabilityinConstrainedEnvironments 131
3.9.1 CoRELinkFormat 131
3.9.1.1 CoRELinkFormat:Discovery 132
3.9.1.2 LinkFormat 133
3.9.1.3 TheInterfaceDescriptionAttribute 135
3.9.2 CoREInterfaces 135
3.9.2.1 Sensor 136
3.9.2.2 Parameter 137
3.9.2.3 Read-onlyParameter 137
3.9.2.4 Actuator 137
3.10 DataFormats:MediaTypesforSensorMarkup
Language 138
3.10.1 JSONRepresentations 141
3.10.1.1 SingleDatapoint 141