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I n t e r n a t I o n a l r e l a t I o n s t h e o r y s i x t h e D i t i o n M a r k V. k au p p i GeorGetown University pau l r . V i o t t i University of Denver rowMAn & LittLefieLD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London 9781538115688_FM.indd 1 02/07/19 6:21 PM Executive Editor: Traci Crowell Editorial Assistant: Deni Remsberg Executive Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker Interior Designer: Rosanne Schloss Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources, and reproduced with permission, appear on the appropriate page within the text. Published by Rowman & Littlefield An imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group Inc. 4501 Forbes Blvd., Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 6 Tinworth Street, London SE11 5AL, United Kingdom Copyright © 2020 by Mark V. Kauppi and Paul R. Viotti All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. This book was previously published by Pearson Education, Inc. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kauppi, Mark V., author. | Viotti, Paul R., author. Title: International relations theory / Mark V. Kauppi, University of Denver, Paul R. Viotti, Georgetown University. Description: Sixth Edition. | Lanham : ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD, [2019] | Fifth edition: 2012. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019016013| ISBN 9781538115688 (Cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781538115695 (Paper : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781538115701 (Electronic) Subjects: LCSH: International relations. Classification: LCC JZ1305 .V56 2019 | DDC 327.101—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc. gov/2019016013 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992. 9781538115688_FM.indd 2 02/07/19 6:21 PM Brief Contents ★ ★ ★ Preface xi 1 Thinking About IR Theory 1 PART I IMAGES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY 2 Realism: The State and Balance of Power 21 3 Liberalism: Interdependence and Global Governance 63 4 Economic Structuralism: Global Capitalism and Postcolonialism 95 5 The English School: International Society and Grotian Rationalism 125 PART II INTERPRETIVE UNDERSTANDINGS AND NORMATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 6 Constructivist Understandings 143 7 Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Understandings 169 8 Feminist Understandings in IR Theory 187 9 Normative IR Theory: Ethics and Morality 199 PART III THE INTELLECTUAL ROOTS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY 10 The Ancients: Greek, Chinese, and Indian Thought 229 11 Greco-Roman Thought and the Middle Ages 295 12 The Rise of the State and Modern Political Thought 337 Glossary 397 Index 415 iii 9781538115688_FM.indd 3 02/07/19 6:21 PM 9781538115688_FM.indd 4 02/07/19 6:21 PM Contents ★ ★ ★ Preface xi 1 Thinking About IR Theory 1 Epistemology, Methodology, and Ontology 1 What is Theory? 4 Explanation and Prediction 4 Abstraction and Application 8 Levels of Analysis 8 Images 12 Interpretive Understandings 15 The Intellectual Roots of IR Theory 17 PART I IMAGES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY 2 Realism: The State and Balance of Power 21 Major Actors and Assumptions 21 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 24 Geopolitical Writers 27 Mid-Twentieth-Century Writers 28 Power 32 Definitions 32 Measurement 33 System 34 Game Theory and Anarchy 35 Distribution of Capabilities and the Balance of Power 39 Change 51 Power Transition 51 Globalization and Interdependence 53 Realists and International Cooperation 54 Realists and Their Critics 55 v 9781538115688_FM.indd 5 02/07/19 6:21 PM vi Contents ★ Realism: The Term Itself 55 The System and Determinism 57 Realists and the State 58 Realists and the Balance of Power 58 Realism and Change 59 Realism: The Entire Enterprise 60 References 61 3 Liberalism: Interdependence and Global Governance 63 Major Actors and Assumptions 63 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 65 Interest Group Liberalism 66 International Organization 68 Integration 69 Transnationalism 71 Interdependence 73 International Regimes 74 Neoliberal Institutionalism 76 Global Governance 79 Green Politics and the Environment 81 Economic Interdependence and Peace 83 The Democratic Peace 84 Decision-Making 87 Change and Globalization 90 Liberals and Their Critics 91 Anarchy 91 Theory Building 92 The Democratic Peace 93 Voluntarism 93 References 94 4 Economic Structuralism: Global Capitalism and Postcolonialism 95 Major Actors and Assumptions 95 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 99 Dependency Theorists 102 ECLA and UNCTAD Arguments 102 Radical Critiques 104 Domestic Forces 105 The Capitalist World-System 106 System 108 Political, Economic, and Social Factors 110 Gramsci and Hegemony 111 Change and Globalization 112 Postcolonialism 115 Economic Structuralists and Their Critics 119 9781538115688_FM.indd 6 02/07/19 6:21 PM Contents vii ★ The Question of Causality 119 Reliance on Economics 119 System Dominance 120 Theoretical Rigidity 120 Accounting for Anomalies 120 Defining Alternatives and Science as Ideology 121 Responses 122 References 123 5 The English School: International Society and Grotian Rationalism 125 Major Actors and Assumptions 125 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 127 The Divergence of British and American Scholarship 129 Genesis of the English School 131 Levels of Analysis and Theory 132 Change 133 From System to International Society 133 From International Society to World Society 134 The English School, Liberals, and Social Constructivists 136 The English School and Its Critics 137 Methodological Muddle 137 Historical Knowledge 137 Political Economy, the Environment, and Gender 138 Conceptual and Philosophical Eclecticism 138 References 139 PART II INTERPRETIVE UNDERSTANDINGS AND NORMATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 6 Constructivist Understandings 143 Major Actors and Assumptions 144 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 145 Intersubjectivity 148 Structure, Rules, and Norms 151 Rules 152 Norms 153 Agents 153 Identity 154 Logic of Appropriateness 156 Interests 157 The Diversity of Social Constructivist Thought 158 Schools of Thought 158 Levels of Analysis 160 Wendt’s “Naturalist” Constructivism 160 Constructivist Affinities in the Broader IR Field 164 9781538115688_FM.indd 7 02/07/19 6:21 PM viii Contents ★ Constructivists and Their Critics 165 Liberal and Realist Critiques 165 Debates within Constructivism and Postmodern Challenges 166 References 167 7 Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Understandings 169 Positivism 170 Mill’s Canons of Causality 170 Cause-Effect Relations 172 Intellectual Precursors: Phenomenology and Hermeneutics 176 Critical Theory: Major Assumptions 178 Postmodernism: Major Assumptions 182 Critical Theorists, Postmodernists, and Their Critics 184 Summation 186 References 186 8 Feminist Understandings in IR Theory 187 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 187 Major Assumptions 189 Strands of Feminism in International Relations 191 Gender, War, and Security Studies 193 Gender and International Organizations 195 Gendered Understandings and IR Theory 196 Feminists and Their Critics 197 What Critics? 197 Research Program and Cumulative Knowledge 197 References 198 9 Normative IR Theory: Ethics and Morality 199 Norms, Ethics, and Morality 199 Normative Theory: Alternative Perspectives 200 The Levels of Analysis 200 Moral Relativism 201 Secular Bases for Moral or Ethical Choice 201 Justice and War 206 Applying Just War Theory in the Twenty-First Century 208 Morality and Weaponry 210 Justice and Human Rights 212 The Enlightenment 212 Current Application 213 Humanitarian Treatment and the Sovereign State 214 Armed Intervention and State Sovereignty 216 Intervention and Civil Wars 217 9781538115688_FM.indd 8 02/07/19 6:21 PM Contents ix ★ Criteria for Humanitarian Intervention 218 Alternative Images and Foreign Policy Choice 222 Rationality and Foreign Policy Choice 223 Values, Choices, and Theory 224 References 225 PART III THE INTELLECTUAL ROOTS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY 10 The Ancients: Greek, Chinese, and Indian Thought 229 Homer, Herodotus, Sun Tzu, and Kautilya 230 The Historical Context of Writings by Homer and Herodotus 230 Homer’s Epic Poems 233 Herodotus—The “Father of History” 235 Sun Tzu 241 Kautilya 246 Overview of Early Greek, Chinese, and Indian Thinkers 247 Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War 248 Historical Context 249 History of the Peloponnesian War: The Work Itself 251 Analytical Insights from Thucydides 252 Cautionary Tales: Lessons Drawn by Thucydides from the Peloponnesian War 256 Thucydides and IR Theory 261 Reflections on Thucydides 272 After Thucydides: Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius 273 Historical Context 273 Plato 276 Aristotle 280 Polybius 285 Reflections on the Thought of Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius 293 References 294 11 Greco-Roman Thought and the Middle Ages 295 The Roman Empire and the Development of Greco-Roman Thought 295 Historical Context 295 The Greek Stoics 298 The Roman Stoics 299 Cicero 300 Seneca and Marcus Aurelius 304 Titus Livy 309 Plutarch 315 Reflections on Thought in the Roman Empire 317 The Middle Ages 318 9781538115688_FM.indd 9 02/07/19 6:21 PM