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International Relations Theory PDF

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If you’re wondering why you should buy International Relations this new edition of Theory, here are fi ve good reasons! 1. Chapter 1, “Thinking About IR Theory,” 4. Chapter 4, “Economic Structuralism: includes a new reading by Thomas Walker Global Capitalism and Postcolonialism,” on the dangers of becoming wedded to a provides more in-depth coverage of Antonio single paradigm or image of world politics. Gramsci, Robert Cox, and the postcolonialism literature. It also includes a new reading 2. Chapter 2, “Realism: The State and Balance by Barbara Bush on the role of culture in of Power,” now has an expanded discussion imperial relations. of Thucydides and new sections on defensive and offensive realists, nonsystemic realist 5. Each reading features an expanded explanations, and dynamic differential theory headnote and critical-thinking questions of great power war. that provides more context for the selection and teases out its conceptual or theoretical 3. Chapter 3, “Liberalism: Interdependence import. and Global Governance,” expands the discussion on both the impact of global- ization on IR theory and the literature on deliberative global governance and has a new article by Robert Keohane on Elinor Ostrom’s Governing the Commons. International Relations Theory Fifth Edition VIOTTI PAUL R. University of Denver KAUPPI MARK V. Georgetown University Longman Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Senior Acquisitions Editor: Vikram Mukhija Editorial Assistant: Beverly Fong Senior Marketing Manager: Lindsey Prudhomme Production Manager: Stacy Kulig Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Cover Designer: John Callahan Cover Image: PhotoAlto/Corbis Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Dennis Para Printer and Binder: R.R. Donnelley and Sons Cover Printer: R.R. Donnelley and Sons For permission to use copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment is made to the copyright holders, which are hereby made part of this copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Viotti, Paul R. International relations theory / Paul R. Viotti, Mark V. Kauppi.—5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-08293-3 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-08293-9 (alk. paper) 1. International relations. I. Kauppi, Mark V. II. Title. JZ1305.V56 2012 327.101—dc22 2010048600 Copyright © 2012, 2010, 1999 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 or fax to (847) 486-3938 or e-mail g [email protected]. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOC—14 13 12 11 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-08293-3 ISBN-10: 0-205-08293-9 BRIEF CONTENTS Detailed Contents iv Preface viii CHAPTER 1 Thinking About IR Theory 1 PART I Images of International Relations 37 CHAPTER 2 Realism: The State and Balance of Power 39 CHAPTER 3 Liberalism: Interdependence and Global Governance 129 CHAPTER 4 Economic Structuralism: Global Capitalism and Postcolonialism 189 CHAPTER 5 The English School: International Society and Grotian Rationalism 239 PART II Interpretive Understandings 275 CHAPTER 6 Constructivist Understandings 277 CHAPTER 7 Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Understandings 322 CHAPTER 8 Feminist Understandings in IR Theory 360 PART III Normative Considerations 389 CHAPTER 9 Normative IR Theory: Ethics and Morality 391 Glossary 441 Index 471 iii DETAILED CONTENTS Brief Contents iii Hobbes 4 7 Grotius 4 8 Preface viii Clausewitz 4 9 CHAPTER 1 Carr 50 Morgenthau 5 1 Thinking About IR Theory 1 Power 52 The IR Field in an Age of Globalization 1 Definitions 5 2 Epistemology, Methodology, and Ontology 2 Measurement 5 3 What Is Theory? 4 System 54 Explanation and Prediction 5 Game Theory and Anarchy 5 5 Abstraction and Application 8 Distribution of Capabilities and the Balance of Power 5 8 Levels of Analysis 8 Change 68 Images 12 Power Transition 6 8 Interpretive Understandings 14 Long Cycles 6 9 Normative Theory 16 Globalization and Interdependence 71 A Look Ahead 17 Globalization 7 1 Selected Readings Interdependence and Vulnerability 7 1 Thinking Theory Thoroughly / Realists and International Cooperation 72 James Rosenau 19 Realists and Their Critics 74 The Perils of Paradigm Mentalities: Realism: The Term Itself 7 4 Revisiting Kuhn, Lakatos, and Popper / The System and Determinism 7 5 Thomas C. Walker 27 Realists and the State 7 6 Suggestions for Further Reading 34 Realists and the Balance of Power 7 7 Realism and Change 7 8 PART I Images of International Realism: The Entire Enterprise 7 9 Relations 37 Selected Readings The Melian Dialogue/Thucydides 83 CHAPTER 2 On Princes and the Security of Their States / Realism: The State and Balance Niccolò Machiavelli 88 of Power 39 Of the Natural Condition of Mankind / Major Actors and Assumptions 39 Thomas Hobbes 90 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 42 The State of War: Confederation as Thucydides 4 2 Means to Peace in Europe / Jean-Jacques Machiavelli 4 5 Rousseau 93 iv Detailed Contents v Explaining War: The Levels of Analysis / CHAPTER 4 Kenneth N. Waltz 96 Economic Structuralism: Global Capitalism Hard and Soft Power in American Foreign and Postcolonialism 189 Policy / Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 109 Major Actors and Assumptions 189 Suggestions for Further Reading 117 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 193 Karl Marx 1 93 CHAPTER 3 Hobson and Imperialism 1 95 Lenin 196 Liberalism: Interdependence Luxemburg and Revolution vs. Reform 1 97 and Global Governance 129 Antonio Gramsci 1 98 Major Actors and Assumptions 129 Dependency Theorists 199 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 131 ECLA and UNCTAD Arguments 1 99 Stoicism 1 32 Radical Critiques 2 00 Liberalism—Classical and Social Variants 1 32 Domestic Forces 2 02 Immanuel Kant 1 34 The Capitalist World-System 203 Richard Cobden 1 35 System 204 Joseph Schumpeter 1 35 Political, Economic, and Social Factors 2 06 Interest-Group Liberalism 1 35 Change and Globalization 207 Integration 137 Postcolonialism 209 Transnationalism 142 Economic Structuralists and Their Critics 213 Interdependence 144 The Question of Causality 2 13 International Regimes 144 Reliance on Economics 2 13 Neoliberal Institutionalism 147 System Dominance 2 13 Theoretical Rigidity 2 14 Global Governance 149 Accounting for Anomalies 2 14 Green Politics and the Environment 1 50 Defining Alternatives and Science as Ideology 2 15 Economic Interdependence and Peace 152 Responses 2 15 The Democratic Peace 154 Selected Readings Decision Making 156 The Economic Taproot of Imperialism / Change and Globalization 160 J. A. Hobson 219 Liberals and Their Critics 161 Culture and Imperialism / Anarchy 1 61 Barbara Bush 222 Theory Building 1 62 The Modern World-System as a Capitalist The Democratic Peace 1 63 World-Economy / Immanuel Wallerstein 227 Voluntarism 1 63 Suggestions for Further Reading 233 Selected Readings Producing Security / Stephen G. Brooks 167 CHAPTER 5 The English School: International Society Beyond the Tragedy of the Commons/ Robert O. Keohane 176 and Grotian Rationalism 239 Suggestions for Further Reading 180 Major Actors and Assumptions 239 vi Detailed Contents Intellectual Precursors and Influences 241 Structure, Rules, and Norms 284 Grotius 2 41 Rules 2 85 Kant 242 Norms 286 Carr 242 Agents 287 The Divergence of British and American Identity 287 Scholarship 243 Logic of Appropriateness 289 The Genesis of the English School 244 Interests 290 Levels of Analysis and Theory 246 The Diversity of Social Constructivist Thought 291 Change 246 Schools of Thought 2 91 From System to International Society 2 46 Levels of Analysis 2 92 From International Society to World Society 2 47 Wendt’s “Naturalist” Constructivism 293 The English School, Liberals, and Social Constructivist Affinities in the Constructivists 249 Broader IR Field 297 The English School and Its Critics 250 Constructivists and Their Critics 297 Methodological Muddle 2 50 Liberal and Realist Critiques 2 97 Historical Knowledge 2 50 Debates within Constructivism and Postmodern Political Economy, the Environment, and Gender 2 50 Challenges 2 98 Conceptual and Philosophical Eclecticism 2 51 Selected Readings Selected Readings Constructing International Politics / Alexander Wendt 302 The Law of Nations on War, Peace and Freedom of the Seas / Hugo Grotius 254 Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention / Martha Finnemore 309 Inventing International Society / Tim Dunne 260 Suggestions for Further Reading 316 Does Order Exist in World Politics? / CHAPTER 7 Hedley Bull 267 Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Suggestions for Further Reading 270 Understandings 322 Positivism 323 PART II Interpretive Intellectual Precursors: Phenomenology Understandings 275 and Hermeneutics 328 Critical Theory: Major Assumptions 331 CHAPTER 6 Postmodernism: Major Assumptions 333 Constructivist Understandings 277 Critical Theorists, Postmodernists, and Their Critics 335 Major Actors and Assumptions 278 Summation 337 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 279 Selected Readings Kant 279 Locke 2 80 Critical Explorations and the Highway Durkheim 2 81 of Critical Security Theory / Ken Booth 339 Weber 2 81 Writing Security / David Campbell 348 Intersubjectivity 281 Suggestions for Further Reading 355 Detailed Contents vii CHAPTER 8 Justice and War 397 Applying Just War Theory in the Twenty-First Feminist Understandings in IR Theory 360 Century 399 Intellectual Precursors and Influences 360 Morality and Weaponry 4 00 Major Assumptions 362 Justice and Human Rights 402 The Enlightenment 4 02 Strands of Feminism in IR 364 Current Application 4 03 Gender, War, and Security Studies 365 Humanitarian Treatment and the Gender and International Organizations 367 Sovereign State 4 03 Gendered Understandings and IR Theory 368 Armed Intervention and State Sovereignty 405 Feminists and Their Critics 369 Intervention and Civil Wars 4 06 What Critics? 3 69 Criteria for Humanitarian Intervention 4 07 Research Program and Cumulative Knowledge 3 69 Alternative Images and Foreign Policy Selected Readings Choice 410 The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Rationality and Foreign Policy Choice 411 Reflections on the Current Security State / Iris Marion Young 371 Values, Choices, and Theory 412 Why Women Can’t Rule the World: Selected Readings International Politics According to Francis Morality, Politics, and Perpetual Peace / Fukuyama / J. Ann Tickner 380 Immanuel Kant 415 Suggestions for Further Reading 386 The Nature of Politics / E. H. Carr 421 The Law of Peoples / John Rawls 425 PART III Normative On War and Peace—The Nobel Peace Considerations 389 Prize Speech / Barack Obama 430 Suggestions for Further Reading 436 CHAPTER 9 Normative IR Theory: Ethics Glossary 441 and Morality 391 Index 471 Norms, Ethics, and Morality 391 Normative Theory: Alternative Perspectives 392 The Levels of Analysis 3 92 Moral Relativism 3 93 Secular Bases for Moral or Ethical Choice 3 93 PREFACE T he idea for I nternational Relations Theory resulted from a conversation between the authors in 1982 as they strolled through the grounds of S chloss Solitud , located just outside Stuttgart, Germany. The topic of discussion was the perennial problem of presenting in a relatively coherent manner a significant portion of the vast literature that comprises the field of international relations theory. After several years of classroom experimentation and numerous other con- versations, the result was the first edition of this volume, published in 1987; with subsequent editions in 1993 and 1999; and, after a decade-long intermission, the fourth edition in 2010. Informed by feedback from former students, colleagues, and reviewers in North America, Europe, East Asia, and elsewhere, this fifth edition continues to take account of changes in the world and major developments within the field that have occurred over the past quarter century. International relations theorists try to make the world and human interactions within it more intelligible. They try to unpack the complexities that surround our subjective and intersubjective understandings of global politics. And they disagree substantially in these efforts. It is a field so torn by controversies that the casual ob- server may wonder if these IR theorists are writing about the same world. At times, IR theorists sound collectively like a cacophony of voices, discordant and anything but harmonious. On the other hand, we reflect that this out-of-tune sound is also a mark of a field in ferment, decidedly not moribund and potentially very productive of theories and understandings that may improve our grasp of how the world works. Theorists have observed the end of the Cold War, increasing globalization, the prevalence of state and non-state conflict, and global economic crises. As in the previ- ous editions, we’ve taken the time needed to reflect on and assess both the impact of these substantial developments as well as the increased diversity in thought within the images and interpretive understandings we identify. NEW TO THIS EDITION In this edition, we have added the following: j A new reading in C hapter 1 by Thomas Walker on the dangers of students in IR becoming wedded to a single paradigm or image of world politics. We also update and expand coverage in C hapter 1 to set the stage for subsequent chap- ters on all the diverse perspectives—the theoretical approaches now prevalent in the IR field—realism, liberalism, economic structuralism, English School, con- structivism, postmodernism, critical theory, feminism, and normative theory. j In Chapter 2 an expanded discussion of Thucydides and new sections on defensive and offensive realists, nonsystemic realist explanations, and dynamic differential theory of great power war. viii

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