International Relations Theory

496 Pages·2012·3 MB·English

If you’re wondering why you should buy
International Relations
this new edition of
Theory,
here are fi ve good reasons!
1. Chapter 1, “Thinking About IR Theory,” 4. Chapter 4, “Economic Structuralism:
includes a new reading by Thomas Walker Global Capitalism and Postcolonialism,”
on the dangers of becoming wedded to a provides more in-depth coverage of Antonio
single paradigm or image of world politics. Gramsci, Robert Cox, and the postcolonialism
literature. It also includes a new reading
2. Chapter 2, “Realism: The State and Balance by Barbara Bush on the role of culture in
of Power,” now has an expanded discussion imperial relations.
of Thucydides and new sections on defensive
and offensive realists, nonsystemic realist 5. Each reading features an expanded
explanations, and dynamic differential theory headnote and critical-thinking questions
of great power war. that provides more context for the selection
and teases out its conceptual or theoretical
3. Chapter 3, “Liberalism: Interdependence import.
and Global Governance,” expands the
discussion on both the impact of global-
ization on IR theory and the literature on
deliberative global governance and has a new
article by Robert Keohane on Elinor Ostrom’s
Governing the Commons.
International
Relations Theory
Fifth Edition
VIOTTI
PAUL R.
University of Denver
KAUPPI
MARK V.
Georgetown University
Longman
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Viotti, Paul R.
International relations theory / Paul R. Viotti, Mark V. Kauppi.—5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-08293-3 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-205-08293-9 (alk. paper)
1. International relations. I. Kauppi, Mark V. II. Title.
JZ1305.V56 2012
327.101—dc22 2010048600
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 1999 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOC—14 13 12 11
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-08293-3
ISBN-10: 0-205-08293-9
BRIEF CONTENTS
Detailed Contents iv
Preface viii
CHAPTER 1 Thinking About IR Theory 1
PART I Images of International Relations 37
CHAPTER 2 Realism: The State and Balance of Power 39
CHAPTER 3 Liberalism: Interdependence and Global Governance 129
CHAPTER 4 Economic Structuralism: Global Capitalism and Postcolonialism 189
CHAPTER 5 The English School: International Society and Grotian Rationalism 239
PART II Interpretive Understandings 275
CHAPTER 6 Constructivist Understandings 277
CHAPTER 7 Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Understandings 322
CHAPTER 8 Feminist Understandings in IR Theory 360
PART III Normative Considerations 389
CHAPTER 9 Normative IR Theory: Ethics and Morality 391
Glossary 441
Index 471
iii
DETAILED CONTENTS
Brief Contents iii Hobbes 4 7
Grotius 4 8
Preface viii
Clausewitz 4 9
CHAPTER 1 Carr 50
Morgenthau 5 1
Thinking About IR Theory 1
Power 52
The IR Field in an Age of Globalization 1
Definitions 5 2
Epistemology, Methodology, and Ontology 2 Measurement 5 3
What Is Theory? 4
System 54
Explanation and Prediction 5 Game Theory and Anarchy 5 5
Abstraction and Application 8 Distribution of Capabilities and the Balance of Power 5 8
Levels of Analysis 8
Change 68
Images 12
Power Transition 6 8
Interpretive Understandings 14 Long Cycles 6 9
Normative Theory 16
Globalization and Interdependence 71
A Look Ahead 17 Globalization 7 1
Selected Readings Interdependence and Vulnerability 7 1
Thinking Theory Thoroughly / Realists and International Cooperation 72
James Rosenau 19
Realists and Their Critics 74
The Perils of Paradigm Mentalities: Realism: The Term Itself 7 4
Revisiting Kuhn, Lakatos, and Popper / The System and Determinism 7 5
Thomas C. Walker 27 Realists and the State 7 6
Suggestions for Further Reading 34 Realists and the Balance of Power 7 7
Realism and Change 7 8
PART I Images of International Realism: The Entire Enterprise 7 9
Relations 37 Selected Readings
The Melian Dialogue/Thucydides 83
CHAPTER 2
On Princes and the Security of Their States /
Realism: The State and Balance
Niccolò Machiavelli 88
of Power 39
Of the Natural Condition of Mankind /
Major Actors and Assumptions 39 Thomas Hobbes 90
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 42 The State of War: Confederation as
Thucydides 4 2 Means to Peace in Europe / Jean-Jacques
Machiavelli 4 5 Rousseau 93
iv
Detailed Contents v
Explaining War: The Levels of Analysis / CHAPTER 4
Kenneth N. Waltz 96 Economic Structuralism: Global Capitalism
Hard and Soft Power in American Foreign and Postcolonialism 189
Policy / Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 109
Major Actors and Assumptions 189
Suggestions for Further Reading 117
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 193
Karl Marx 1 93
CHAPTER 3 Hobson and Imperialism 1 95
Lenin 196
Liberalism: Interdependence
Luxemburg and Revolution vs. Reform 1 97
and Global Governance 129
Antonio Gramsci 1 98
Major Actors and Assumptions 129
Dependency Theorists 199
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 131 ECLA and UNCTAD Arguments 1 99
Stoicism 1 32 Radical Critiques 2 00
Liberalism—Classical and Social Variants 1 32 Domestic Forces 2 02
Immanuel Kant 1 34
The Capitalist World-System 203
Richard Cobden 1 35
System 204
Joseph Schumpeter 1 35
Political, Economic, and Social Factors 2 06
Interest-Group Liberalism 1 35
Change and Globalization 207
Integration 137
Postcolonialism 209
Transnationalism 142
Economic Structuralists and Their Critics 213
Interdependence 144
The Question of Causality 2 13
International Regimes 144 Reliance on Economics 2 13
Neoliberal Institutionalism 147 System Dominance 2 13
Theoretical Rigidity 2 14
Global Governance 149
Accounting for Anomalies 2 14
Green Politics and the Environment 1 50
Defining Alternatives and Science as Ideology 2 15
Economic Interdependence and Peace 152
Responses 2 15
The Democratic Peace 154
Selected Readings
Decision Making 156
The Economic Taproot of Imperialism /
Change and Globalization 160 J. A. Hobson 219
Liberals and Their Critics 161 Culture and Imperialism /
Anarchy 1 61 Barbara Bush 222
Theory Building 1 62 The Modern World-System as a Capitalist
The Democratic Peace 1 63 World-Economy / Immanuel Wallerstein 227
Voluntarism 1 63
Suggestions for Further Reading 233
Selected Readings
Producing Security / Stephen G. Brooks 167 CHAPTER 5
The English School: International Society
Beyond the Tragedy of the Commons/
Robert O. Keohane 176 and Grotian Rationalism 239
Suggestions for Further Reading 180 Major Actors and Assumptions 239
vi Detailed Contents
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 241 Structure, Rules, and Norms 284
Grotius 2 41 Rules 2 85
Kant 242 Norms 286
Carr 242 Agents 287
The Divergence of British and American Identity 287
Scholarship 243
Logic of Appropriateness 289
The Genesis of the English School 244
Interests 290
Levels of Analysis and Theory 246 The Diversity of Social Constructivist Thought 291
Change 246 Schools of Thought 2 91
From System to International Society 2 46 Levels of Analysis 2 92
From International Society to World Society 2 47 Wendt’s “Naturalist” Constructivism 293
The English School, Liberals, and Social Constructivist Affinities in the
Constructivists 249 Broader IR Field 297
The English School and Its Critics 250 Constructivists and Their Critics 297
Methodological Muddle 2 50 Liberal and Realist Critiques 2 97
Historical Knowledge 2 50 Debates within Constructivism and Postmodern
Political Economy, the Environment, and Gender 2 50 Challenges 2 98
Conceptual and Philosophical Eclecticism 2 51 Selected Readings
Selected Readings Constructing International Politics /
Alexander Wendt 302
The Law of Nations on War, Peace and
Freedom of the Seas / Hugo Grotius 254 Constructing Norms of Humanitarian
Intervention / Martha Finnemore 309
Inventing International Society /
Tim Dunne 260 Suggestions for Further Reading 316
Does Order Exist in World Politics? /
CHAPTER 7
Hedley Bull 267
Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern
Suggestions for Further Reading 270
Understandings 322
Positivism 323
PART II Interpretive
Intellectual Precursors: Phenomenology
Understandings 275 and Hermeneutics 328
Critical Theory: Major Assumptions 331
CHAPTER 6 Postmodernism: Major Assumptions 333
Constructivist Understandings 277 Critical Theorists, Postmodernists,
and Their Critics 335
Major Actors and Assumptions 278
Summation 337
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 279
Selected Readings
Kant 279
Locke 2 80 Critical Explorations and the Highway
Durkheim 2 81 of Critical Security Theory / Ken Booth 339
Weber 2 81 Writing Security / David Campbell 348
Intersubjectivity 281 Suggestions for Further Reading 355
Detailed Contents vii
CHAPTER 8 Justice and War 397
Applying Just War Theory in the Twenty-First
Feminist Understandings in IR Theory 360
Century 399
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 360 Morality and Weaponry 4 00
Major Assumptions 362 Justice and Human Rights 402
The Enlightenment 4 02
Strands of Feminism in IR 364
Current Application 4 03
Gender, War, and Security Studies 365
Humanitarian Treatment and the
Gender and International Organizations 367 Sovereign State 4 03
Gendered Understandings and IR Theory 368 Armed Intervention and State
Sovereignty 405
Feminists and Their Critics 369
Intervention and Civil Wars 4 06
What Critics? 3 69
Criteria for Humanitarian Intervention 4 07
Research Program and Cumulative Knowledge 3 69
Alternative Images and Foreign Policy
Selected Readings
Choice 410
The Logic of Masculinist Protection:
Rationality and Foreign Policy Choice 411
Reflections on the Current Security State /
Iris Marion Young 371 Values, Choices, and Theory 412
Why Women Can’t Rule the World: Selected Readings
International Politics According to Francis
Morality, Politics, and Perpetual Peace /
Fukuyama / J. Ann Tickner 380
Immanuel Kant 415
Suggestions for Further Reading 386 The Nature of Politics / E. H. Carr 421
The Law of Peoples / John Rawls 425
PART III Normative On War and Peace—The Nobel Peace
Considerations 389 Prize Speech / Barack Obama 430
Suggestions for Further Reading 436
CHAPTER 9
Normative IR Theory: Ethics Glossary 441
and Morality 391
Index 471
Norms, Ethics, and Morality 391
Normative Theory: Alternative Perspectives 392
The Levels of Analysis 3 92
Moral Relativism 3 93
Secular Bases for Moral or Ethical Choice 3 93
PREFACE
T he idea for I nternational Relations Theory resulted from a conversation
between the authors in 1982 as they strolled through the grounds of S chloss
Solitud , located just outside Stuttgart, Germany. The topic of discussion was
the perennial problem of presenting in a relatively coherent manner a significant
portion of the vast literature that comprises the field of international relations
theory. After several years of classroom experimentation and numerous other con-
versations, the result was the first edition of this volume, published in 1987; with
subsequent editions in 1993 and 1999; and, after a decade-long intermission, the
fourth edition in 2010. Informed by feedback from former students, colleagues, and
reviewers in North America, Europe, East Asia, and elsewhere, this fifth edition
continues to take account of changes in the world and major developments within
the field that have occurred over the past quarter century.
International relations theorists try to make the world and human interactions
within it more intelligible. They try to unpack the complexities that surround our
subjective and intersubjective understandings of global politics. And they disagree
substantially in these efforts. It is a field so torn by controversies that the casual ob-
server may wonder if these IR theorists are writing about the same world. At times,
IR theorists sound collectively like a cacophony of voices, discordant and anything
but harmonious. On the other hand, we reflect that this out-of-tune sound is also a
mark of a field in ferment, decidedly not moribund and potentially very productive
of theories and understandings that may improve our grasp of how the world works.
Theorists have observed the end of the Cold War, increasing globalization, the
prevalence of state and non-state conflict, and global economic crises. As in the previ-
ous editions, we’ve taken the time needed to reflect on and assess both the impact of
these substantial developments as well as the increased diversity in thought within the
images and interpretive understandings we identify.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
In this edition, we have added the following:
j A new reading in C hapter 1 by Thomas Walker on the dangers of students in
IR becoming wedded to a single paradigm or image of world politics. We also
update and expand coverage in C hapter 1 to set the stage for subsequent chap-
ters on all the diverse perspectives—the theoretical approaches now prevalent in
the IR field—realism, liberalism, economic structuralism, English School, con-
structivism, postmodernism, critical theory, feminism, and normative theory.
j In Chapter 2 an expanded discussion of Thucydides and new sections
on defensive and offensive realists, nonsystemic realist explanations, and
dynamic differential theory of great power war.
viii