International Migration Outlook 2010.

357 Pages·2010·10.783 MB·English

by  OECD

International Migration Outlook S
O
P
E
M
International migration remains high on the policy agenda in OECD member countries, despite a lower
I 2 International
demand for labour in the context of the economic downturn. This annual publication analyses recent 0
1
developments in migration movements and policies in OECD countries. It looks at the contribution of 0
immigration to changes in the working-age population in the past decade, and the role of migration Migration
inflows at projected levels in driving growth of the working-age population in the next decade. It
also focuses on international students, including a first attempt to calculate the rates at which these
students remain in their host countries after the completion of their studies. Outlook
This publication also explores the main changes introduced in migration policies, including new
laws governing immigrant entry, stay and access to the labour market. The selective recruitment of
immigrants according to labour market needs and points-based systems is described, as well as
measures to facilitate the integration of immigrants. International co-operation to improve border
control and to combat irregular migration is analysed in detail.
The impact of the economic crisis on the labour market outcomes of immigrants is examined, taking
into consideration gender, sectors of employment and different types of contracts, as well as the
demographic dynamics of native and foreign-born populations during the period under review.
The reader will also find in this book:
• Two special chapters on topical issues. The first addresses the determinants of public opinion
regarding migration, reviewing opinion surveys to identify individual determinants and examining the
role of different stakeholders in shaping opinion. The second chapter presents an in-depth study of
the impact of naturalisation on the labour market outcomes of immigrants, exploring how acquisition
of citizenship can increase opportunities.
• Country notes, together with standardised tables, describing recent developments in migration
movements and policies.
• A statistical annex containing the latest data on migration flows, foreign and foreign-born
populations, and naturalisations.
In
t
e
www.oecd.org/els/migration/imo r
n
a
t
io
n
a
l M
ig
r
a
t
io
n
O
The full text of this book is available on line via this link:
u
www.sourceoecd.org/socialissues/9789264086012 t
lo
Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: o
k
www.sourceoecd.org/9789264086012
SourceOECD is the OECD online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases.
For more information about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us
at [email protected].
SOPEMI 2010
ISbn 978-92-64-08601-2 -:HSTCQE=U][UVW:
81 2010 10 1 P SOPEMI 2010
www.oecd.org/publishing
International Migration
Outlook
SOPEMI 2010
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where governments work together to address the economic, social
and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to
understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate
governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation
provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common
problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of
the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and
research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and
standards agreed by its members.
This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The
opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official
views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
ISBN 978-92-64-08601-2 (print)
ISBN 978-92-64-08602-9 (PDF)
Also available in French: Perspectives des migrations internationales: SOPEMI 2010
Photo credits: Cover illustration:
Left: © Skip Nall/ Photodisc/GettyImages, © DR/GettyImages
Middle: © Stockbyte/GettyImages, © Stockbyte/GettyImages
Right: © Thomas Barwick/ Digital Vision/GettyImages, © Ryan McVay/ Photodisc/GettyImages, © Digital Vision/ Photodisc/
GettyImages.
Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.
© OECD 2010
You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia
products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source
and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for
permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC)
at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected].
FOREWORD
Foreword
T
his publication constitutes the thirty-fourth report of the OECD’s Continuous Reporting System
on migration (known by its French acronym SOPEMI).
The report is divided into five parts plus a statistical annex. PartI contains two subsections. The
first of these provides a broad overview of recent trends in international migration flows, both
temporary and permanent and a look at population growth in countries undergoing demographic
decline. Migration already accounts for about 60% of total population growth in the OECD as a
whole, and more than 85% in the countries of southern Europe, Austria and the Czech Republic.
Special attention is devoted to changes in labour migration flows associated with the economic crisis.
The movement of international students –the number of foreign students in tertiary education more
than doubled in the OECD between2000 and2007– is examined, and the first attempt to calculate
stay rates –changes of status for those who do not renew their student permits– is presented,
showing that stay rates varied between 15and 35% in2007.
The second subsection of PartI highlights major changes in migration policy. It looks specifically
at the expansion in demand-driven systems for recruitment of workers from abroad, as well as the
increasing use of points-based systems to select immigrants likely to succeed on the labour market.
Recent developments in integration, residence and citizenship policies are described.
PartII provides a close look at the impact of the economic crisis on the employment situation of
immigrants, following up on the 2009 Special Edition of the International Migration Outlook
focusing on the crisis. The disproportionate impact of the crisis on immigrants is examined, looking
at factors such as concentration in specific sectors and gender differences.
PartsIII and IV are devoted to special topics. PartIII examines the determinants of public
opinion regarding migration. It looks at recent opinion surveys, individual determinants and the role
of major stakeholders such as social partners and the media. PartsIV focuses on the determinants of
acquisition of nationality and the impact of naturalisation on labour market outcomes.
PartV presents succinct country-specific notesand statistics on developments in international
migration movements and policies in OECD countries in recent years. Finally, the statistical annex
includes a broad selection of recent and historical statistics on immigrant flows, the foreign and
foreign-born populations, naturalisations and migrant workers.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2010 © OECD 2010 3
This book has...
StatLinks2
A service that delivers Excel® files
from the printed page!
Look for the StatLinks at the bottom right-hand corner of the tables or graphs in this book.
To download the matching Excel® spreadsheet, just type the link into your Internet browser,
starting with the http://dx.doi.org prefix.
If you’re reading the PDF e-book edition, and your PC is connected to the Internet, simply
click on the link. You’ll find StatLinks appearing in more OECD books.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Editorial: Ensuring that Migrants are Onboard theRecoveryTrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Part I
RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
A. Recent Flows, Demographic Developments and Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. International migration flows during2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3. Immigration flows by category of entry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4. Temporary worker migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. International migration flows and the economic crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6. Continents, regions and countries of origin of immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7. Asylum seekers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8. International students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9. Demographic developments in OECD countries and international migration . 45
B. Migration Policy Development in OECD Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2. Labour migration policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3. International students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4. Humanitarian policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5. General administrative procedures and structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6. Enforcement and border control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7. International agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8. Integration policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
9. Migration policy in OECD countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Part II
MIGRANTS IN OECD LABOUR MARKETS THROUGH THE CRISIS
1. A brief analysis of the dynamics of foreign-born employment inOECDcountries
through the crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2. How were different migrant groups affected by the worsening of labour market
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2010 © OECD 2010 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. What are the main determinants of the recent labour market outcomes
ofimmigrants?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4. Helping immigrants through the crisis and beyond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Annex II.A1.1. Quarterly employment and unemployment rates (15-64) by place
of birth in selected OECD countries, 2007-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Annex II.A1.2a. Top 10industries with the largest changes in foreign- andnative-born
employment between2008 and2009 in the European Union. . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Annex II.A1.2b. Top 10industries with the largest changes in foreign- and native-born
employment between2007 and2009 in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Part III
PUBLIC OPINIONS AND IMMIGRATION:
INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES, INTEREST GROUPS AND THE MEDIA
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
1. Public opinion on immigration and migration systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2. Determinants of preferences over immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3. Interest groups and their influence on migration policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4. The role of the media and the weight of beliefs in shaping public opinion . . . . . . . 141
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Annex III.A1. Presentation of Surveys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Annex III.A2. Determinants of Beliefs about the Impact of Immigration and Preferences
about Migration Policy Based ontheWorld Value Survey (WVS). . . . . . . . . 155
Part IV
NATURALISATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS
Key findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
1. Citizenship take-up among immigrants: An overview across selected
OECDcountries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2. The labour market outcomes of naturalised and non-naturalised immigrants. . . . 166
3. The impact of naturalisation on immigrants’ labour market outcomes. . . . . . . . . . 175
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Methodological Annex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2010 © OECD 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part V
RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES
(COUNTRY NOTES)
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Romania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Slovak Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
STATISTICAL ANNEX
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
General comments on tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Inflows and outflows of foreign population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Inflows of asylum seekers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Stocks of foreign and foreign-born population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Acquisition of nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Inflows of foreign workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Stocks of foreign and foreign-born labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
List of Correspondents of the Continuous Reporting System onMigration (SOPEMI) . . . 355
List of OECD Secretariat members involved in the preparation ofthis report. . . . . . . 357
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2010 © OECD 2010 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Figures, Tables and Boxes
Part I
RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Figures
I.1. Observed and projected size of the incoming (20-24) and outgoing(60-64)
working-age cohorts in OECD countries, 2000-2030. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
I.2. Permanent-type migration by category of entry, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
I.3. Top 20origin countries of immigrants to the OECD, 1997-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
I.4. Change in inflows of migrants by country of origin, selected OECD countries,
1997-2007and2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
I.5. Contribution of natural increase and of net migration to average annual
population growth, 2002-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
I.6. Permanent-type immigration relative to the average size ofasingle-year
cohort 20-24, 2004-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
I.7. Distribution of the components of change in employment, selected
OECD countries, 2005-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
I.8. Evolution of dependency ratios over the period2000-2030, OECD countries. . . 52
Tables
I.1. International migration flows, 2003-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
I.2. Temporary worker migration in OECD countries, 2003-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I.3. Distribution of inflows of migrants, by region of origin anddestination, 2008 . . . . 34
I.4. Immigrant flows to the OECD area by income group and region oforigin, 2008. . . 34
I.5. Change in inflows to OECD, 1995-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
I.6. Inflows of asylum seekers in OECD countries, levels, trendsandmain
countries of origin, 2007-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
I.7. Tertiary enrolment of international and foreign students (2007) and
evolutionsince2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
I.8. Status changes of international students and stay rates in selected
OECDcountries, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
I.9. Observed (2000-2010) and projected (2010-2020) growth intheworking-age
population (20-64) at assumed migration levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
I.10. Points attributed under different recruitment systems inselected
OECDcountries, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Boxes
I.1. Standardised statistics on permanent immigrant inflows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
I.2. Classifying countries of origin by national income levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
I.3. The definition of “international students” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
I.4. Evolving point-based systems for skilled migration in OECD countries . . . . . . . . . 59
8 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2010 © OECD 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part II
MIGRANTS IN OECD LABOUR MARKETS THROUGH THE CRISIS
Figures
II.1. Harmonised unemployment rates, 2007-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
II.2. Change in native- and foreign-born employment during recent economic
downturns in selected OECD countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
II.3. Change in unemployment and employment rates by place of birth
between2008 and2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
II.4. Contribution of various factors to foreign- and native-born employment
between2008 and2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
II.5. Change in employment rates by place of birth and by age in selected
OECD countries, 2008-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
II.6. Change in unemployment rates by place of birth and by level ofeducation
in selected OECD countries, 2008-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
II.7a. Unemployment and inactivity rates of foreign born in EU15 bymain regions
of origin, 2008-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
II.7b. Unemployment rates inSpain by region of origin, 2007-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
II.7c. Unemployment rates intheUnited Kingdom by region oforigin, 2007-2009 . . 96
II.7d. Unemployment rates intheUnited States by region of origin, 2007-2009. . . . . 96
II.8. Actual and expected changes in employment of immigrants in selected
OECD countries between2008 and2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
II.9. Growth in part-time employment by place of birth in selected
OECDcountries, 2008-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Tables
II.1. Unemployment rate and inflows of foreign workers in some European
OECD countries at the time of the second oil crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
II.2. Share of different types of employment in total employment byplace
ofbirth (15-64years old), 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Annex
II.A1.1. Quarterly employment and unemployment rates (15-64) by place of birth in
selected OECD countries, 2007-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
II.A1.2a.Top 10industries with the largest changes in foreign- andnative-born
employment between2008 and2009 in the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
II.A1.2b.Top 10industries with the largest changes in foreign- and native-born
employment between2007 and2009 in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Box
II.1. Impact of the economic crisis on immigrant workers in Japan andpolicy
responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2010 © OECD 2010 9