Table Of ContentInternational
Handbook of
Earthquake
Engineering
International
Handbook of
Earthquake
Engineering
(odes~ Programs~
and Examples
edited by Mario Paz
Professor of Civil Engineering
University of Louisville, Kentucky
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV
The computer programs developed to implement the seismic codes for the various countries included in this handbook are
available, separately directly from the contributors, or as a complete set from MICROTEXT, P.O. Box 35101, Louisville,
Kentucky 40232, USA. Technical questions, corrections, and requests for additional information should be directed to this
address or directly to the corresponding contributor.
Extreme care has been taken in preparing the programs used in this handbook. Extensive testing and checking have been
performed to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the computer solutions. However, neither the editor, nor the authors,
nor the publisher shall be held responsible or liable for any damage arising from the use of any of the programs in this
handbook.
Cover photo: Earthquake in Guatemala City, M.Sgt. Cari D. Martin, US Army
Cover design: Trudi Gershenov
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hali, Inc. in 1994
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 18t edition 1994
Ali rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or by an information
storage or retrieval system, without permis sion in writing from the publishers.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Paz, Mario.
International handbook of earthquake engineering : codes,
programs, and examples / Mario Paz.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-5859-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-2069-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2069-6
1. Earthquake resistant design-Handbooks, manuals, etc.
2. Earthquake engineering-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Title.
T A658.44.P395 1994
624.1 , 762-dc20 94-18577
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available
to her eyes
that are filled
with dewsong
and light
of new morning
to her laughter
which sings sweet notes
ofmoonsong
to her hands
that spill the art
of lines and curves
and all of
God's colors. . .
to Jean
Sylvia T. Weinberg
Contents
Foreword ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Contributors xiv
PART I INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
Chapter 1 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 3
Mario Paz
Chapter 2 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 10
Farzad Naeim and Mario Paz
Chapter 3 Structures Modeled by Generalized Coordinates 30
Mario Paz
Chapter 4 Structures Modeled as Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems 37
Mario Paz
PART II EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS: COUNTRIES IN SEISMIC
REGIONS
Chapter 5 Algeria 57
Abdenour Sa/hi and Mokhtar Daoudi
Chapter 6 Argentina 65
Fernando A. M. Reyna, Bibiana M. Luccioni and Ricardo D. Ambrosini
vi
Contents vii
Chapter 7 Australia 84
David B. Crawley and Michael C. Griffith
Chapter 8 Bulgaria 100
Ludmil Tzenov and Elena Vasseva
Chapter 9 Canada 111
David T. Lau and J. L. Humar
Chapter 10 Chile 127
Arturo Cifuentes
Chapter 11 China 143
Ye Yaoxian
Chapter 12 Colombia 156
Luis E. Garcia
Chapter 13 Costa Rica 175
Jose Luis Barzuna de Dna
Chapter 14 Egypt 195
Fouad H. Fouad
Chapter 15 EI Salvador 205
Celso S, Alfaro
Chapter 16 France 215
Auguste Boissonnade
Chapter 17 Greece 232
George C. Manos
Chapter 18 Hungary 249
Gyorgy Vertes
Chapter 19 India 256
Sudhir K. Jain, Brijesh Chandra and D. K. Paul
Chapter 20 Indonesia 277
Suradjin Sutjipto
Chapter 21 Iran 296
J. P. Mohsen
Chapter 22 Israel 307
Jacob Gluck
Chapter 23 Italy 317
Gianmario Benzoni and Carmelo Gentile
Chapter 24 Japan 331
Yoshikazu Kitagawa and Fumio Takino
Chapter 25 Mexico 342
Roberto Villaverde
viii Contents
Chapter 26 New Zealand 361
Thomas Paulay and Athol James Carr
Chapter 27 Peru 377
Gianfranco Ottazzi and Daniel Quiun
Chapter 28 Portugal 389
Joao Azevedo
Chapter 29 Puerto Rico 401
Luis E. Suarez
Chapter 30 Romania 416
Gelu Onu
Chapter 31 Spain 431
Alex H. Barbat and Mario Paz
Chapter 32 Taiwan 447
Yohchia Chen and Julius P. Wong
Chapter 33 Thailand 454
Panitan Lukkunaprasit
Chapter 34 Turkey 462
Turan Durgunoglu
Chapter 35 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
(Currently known as Commonwealth of Independent States [CIS]) 472
Vladimir N. Alekhin
Chapter 36 United States of America (USA) 485
Mario Paz
Chapter 37 Venezuela 515
William Lobo-Quintero and Edward D. Thomson
Chapter 38 (Former) Yugoslavia 528
Dimitar Jurukovski and Pre drag Gavrilovic
Appendix 536
Diskette Order Form 541
Index 543
Note: For more detailed information, see individual chapter outlines at chapter opening.
Foreword
The subject of earthquake engineering has been the focus of my teaching and research for many years. Thus, when
Mario Paz, the editor of this handbook, asked me to write a Foreword, I was interested and honored by his
request.
Worldwide, people are beginning to understand the severity of the danger to present and future generations
caused by the destruction of the environment. Earthquakes pose a similar threat; thus, the proper use of methods
for earthquake-resistant design and construction is vitally important for countries that are at high risk of being
subjected to strong-motion earthquakes. Most seismic activity is the result of tectonic earthquakes. Tectonic
earthquakes are very special events in that, although they occur frequently, their probability of becoming natural
hazards for a specific urban area is very small. When a severe earthquake does occur near an urban area, however,
its consequences are very large in terms of structural destruction and human suffering.
On the average, more than 10,000 earthquakes are recorded each year, of which about 60 are significant or
potentially destructive. Between 1890 and 1993, more than 10,000 people were killed and 500,000 were left
homeless by earthquakes, per year (on a yearly average). Furthermore, the psychological effect on the millions of
people who live through major earthquakes is enormous; the experience inspires a complex fear that lasts for many
years. It is, therefore, very important to investigate the reasons for earthquake disasters and to undertake the
necessary steps to eliminate or mitigate their potentially catastrophic consequences.
Most of the human and economic losses resulting from a severe earthquake are due to failures of human-made
facilities such as buildings and lifelines (dams, bridges, transportation systems, etc.). Although we cannot avert the
occurrence of earthquakes, we can avoid their catastrophic effects.
Four conditions determine the occurrence of an earthquake disaster in a region. The first is the magnitude of the
earthquake: a small earthquake will not induce groundshaking severe enough to produce extensive damage. The
second is the distance between the earthquake source and the urban areas of the region; at large distances the
groundshaking is attenuated to a level that cannot cause serious damage.1 The third is the size and distribution of
the population and the level of economic development. The fourth condition is the degree of earthquake
preparedness, particularly regarding the methods of design and construction. Clearly, earthquake hazard involves
not only the seismicity of the region, but also the population density, the economic development, and the degree
of preparedness. Obviously, the potential disaster to an urban center increases when the earthquake magnitude is
larger, the earthquake source is closer, the population is larger, the economic development is greater, and the
earthquake preparedness program and its implementation are poorer.
lUnder special conditions, however, earthquake damage can occur at distances greater than 240 km from the source (which has usually been
assumed as the maximum distance to produce damage). For example, the source distance was 400 km in the 1957 and 1985 Mexico earthquakes
and over 900 km in the 1972 Caucete, Argentina earthquake.
ix
x Foreword
Even though seismicity remains constant, the rapid and, in most cases, uncontrolled increases in population,
urbanization, and economic development in urban areas are not being counterbalanced by an adequate increase in
preparedness.2 There is an urgent need to reduce the seismic risk to urban areas. The solution is to regulate the
built environment because this allows control of the earthquake hazards, which are consequences of the interaction
of seismic activity (which cannot be controlled) with the vulnerability of the human-made environment (which can
be controlled).
An effective approach to mitigate the destructive effects of earthquakes is the proper enforcement of the
knowledge that is currently available for designing, constructing, and maintaining new earthquake-resistant
structures and upgrading existing seismically hazardous structures. In practice, the design and construction of most
earthquake-resistant structures generally follow seismic code provisions. Specific seismic code regulations for
design and construction are different in each country, even though the problems that are created by earthquake
ground motions and the application of basic concepts that govern earthquake-resistant design of structure are the
same around the world. The differences in the seismic codes occur because basic concepts have to be specifically
applied and quantified in each country according to its seismic activity, the education and experience of its
professionals, its level of building technology, and its socio-economic conditions.
Modern seismic codes attempt to implement in relatively simple ways the most recent technological advances;
however, they may actually obscure the limitations implicit in their regulations. It is, therefore, of utmost
importance that structural engineers receive sufficient background in structural dynamics, which governs the
response of structures to earthquake excitations, so that they can judge the limitations of their local code
specifications. However, currently most structural engineers have limited their education in earthquake
engineering to the practice of applying a code in the design of ordinary or standard structures, which compose the
bulk of modern construction.
The International Handbook of Earthquake Engineering: Codes, Programs, and Examples, edited by Mario Paz,
will be of great interest both to engineers practicing in the field of earthquake engineering and to students and
teachers of courses on earthquake-resistant design, because it presents the basic theory of structural dynamics
applied to earthquake-resistant analysis and design. Of equal importance, the information presented about the
seismic codes that are enforced in a large number of countries can be a source for propagating better engineering
methods around the world.
The handbook is well conceived and organized. Part I recapitulates the main theoretical topics in structural
dynamics and earthquake engineering. In Part II, the reader will find 34 chapters corresponding to 34 countries
located in regions with strong seismic activity. In addition to describing and illustrating the uses of the current
seismic codes for each country, each chapter contains illustrative examples of building design that use computer
programs specifically developed to implement the code regulations for that country.
I believe that this handbook will be enthusiastically received by professionals, educators, and students in the
field of earthquake engineering. I congratulate the editor and the authors of the various chapters for their valuable
achievement.
Vitelmo Bertero
Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
2For example, in terms of population and economic development, the disaster potential in California is now at least ten times what it was at
the time of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
Preface
As a result of my consulting experience with engineers and industry in seismically active areas around the globe, I
learned that much effort has to be devoted to understand, interpret, and properly apply the provisions in a
building code. In some cases, the effort is a result of unfamiliarity with the language in which the code is written;
in other cases, the difficulty is caused by either lack of clarity or lack of sufficient explanations of the code. These
experiences led me to plan a handbook that would describe and implement the provisions of the seismic code for
earthquake-resistant design of buildings for countries in active seismic regions. I conducted a survey of professional
engineers to obtain their opinion of the value of such a handbook. The results of my informal survey encouraged
me to proceed with the preparation of this handbook.
From its inception, I decided that the handbook should contain a chapter for each selected country. Therefore,
my first task was to locate qualified contributors for each country that was to be included in the handbook. Of the
contributors, a few were friends or acquaintances, some were prospective contributors that I contacted after I had
examined papers published in technical journals or proceedings from international conferences on earthquake
engineering, and others were located indirectly through contacts with universities or engineering societies.
The contributors were given general guidelines for the preparation of their chapters. I indicated that the chapter
for each country should contain an introductory paragraph about the pertinent geography and the geology of the
country, a brief regional history of recent strong-motion earthquakes, and a recapitulation of the main
developments in the seismic code. The body of the chapter was to be devoted to a presentation of the provisions of
the code in simple and clear language. This presentation was to include an example of a numerical problem for a
building of four to six stories. Also, I requested that a computer program be developed by the contributor to apply
the provisions of the seismic code in the solution of a sample numerical problem for a larger building.
My next step was to prepare and send a model chapter to the prospective authors so that they could follow a
format that would provide a satisfactory degree of consistency throughout the chapters. However, the reader of
this handbook will notice that diversity exists among the chapters written by the contributing experts. Some
chapters are brief and concise, while others are extended and detailed. There is no doubt that such variations
resulted from differences in the interpretation of the objectives that I sent to each author; I accepted the variations
as an indication of the diversity of viewpoints. My decision was based on the perception that the contributors of
the handbook are highly qualified professionals in their respective countries. The authors are engineers who are
active in seismic-resistant design, many are affiliated with universities; some are also members of committees
responsible for revising or updating their country's seismic code for earthquake-resistant design.
This handbook contains two parts: Part I has four chapters that recapitulate the subjects of structural dynamics
and earthquake engineering; Part II contains 34 chapters that present the design of structures according to the
provisions of the seismic code for each of the 34 countries included in the handbook. Most of the material
presented in Part I can be found in other publications, including the textbook on structural dynamics written by the
editor of this handbook. Part I gives the reader basic information about structural dynamics and earthquake
xi
