INTERACT Stories of Arctic Science

186 Pages·2015·49.66 MB·English

INTERACT Stations
1 Sverdrup Research Station INTERACT is a circumarctic network of terrestrial field bases in Arctic, alpine
2 Netherlands’ Arctic Station and neighbouring forested areas. The network is funded for 2011-2015 by
ORGANISATIONS WORKING WITH INTERACT INTERACT 3 UK Arctic Research Station EU’s Seventh Framework Programme as “Integrating Activity” under the theme
4 CNR Arctic Station “Dirigibile Italia” “Research Infrastructures for Polar Research”.
The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) is a
5 Czech Arctic Research Station of Josef Svoboda
non-governmental, international scientific organization. The International Network for Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the Arctic 6 Polish Polar Station Hornsund INTERACT has an overarching concept of strategically sampling the great en-
IASC mission is to encourage and facilitate cooperation in all 7 Finse Alpine Research Centre vironmental variation throughout northern areas. This concept is illustrated in
aspects of Arctic research, in all countries engaged in Arctic 8 Bioforsk Svanhovd Research Station the graphic below which shows the location of the INTERACT Stations within
research and in all areas of the Arctic region.
9 Svartberget Research Station environmental space, defined by temperature and precipitation ranges. Much
www.iasc.org INTERACT is a circumarctic network of more than 75 terrestrial field bases in
10 Tarfala Research Station of research within this book seeks to understand how this environmental
Arctic, alpine and neighbouring forest areas. 11 Abisko Scientific Research Station space is changing.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) is an
12 Kilpisjärvi Biological Station
Arctic Council initiative with the objective of providing reliable
13 Kevo Subarctic Research Station
The main objective of INTERACT is to provide a circumarctic platform
and sufficient information on the status of, and threats to, the
14 Värriö Subarctic Research Station
Arctic environment, and providing scientific advice on actions to for identifying, understanding, predicting and responding to current Mean annual air temperature (°C)
15 Pallas-Sodankylä Stations
be taken in order to support Arctic governments in their efforts to environmental changes that take place in the Arctic and neighbouring areas. 16 Kolari Research Unit -20 69
take remedial and preventive actions relating to contaminants. The INTERACT stations host over 5,000 researchers annually, facilitating top- 17 Oulanka Research Station (-29 °C) Location of INTERACT Stations in “environmental space”
www.amap.no 18 Kainuu Fisheries Research Station -18 55
level research and monitoring programmes within a wide range of scientific 71
19 Hyytiälä Forest Research Station (SMEAR II)
The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) is disciplines from natural sciences to the human dimension. 20 Alpine Research and Education Station Furka -16 5536
an Arctic Council initiative supporting an international network
21 Station Hintereis -14 51
of scientists, governments, indigenous organizations and con-
servation groups working to harmonize and integrate efforts to The book takes the reader on a journey through the Arctic and neighbouring 22 Sonnblick Observatory 47 57 38 n
23 Krkonoše Mountains National Park -12 o
monitor the Arctic’s living resources. alpine and forest areas, and reveals the excitement and adventure that 24 Karkonosze National Park 43 42 37 ita
www.caff.is/monitoring the researchers both enjoy and endure. The book consists of seven highly 25 M&M Kłapa Research Station -10 41 39 4604 icalg
illustrated sections focusing on landscape-forming processes, glaciers 26 Khibiny Educational and Scientific Station 70 35 la
Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) is an Arctic 27 Beliy Island Research Station -8 50 48 34 Continuous permafrost itn
CmnsewIpnocaorwetooctueneivnwenrdtiontd c. oaamapiellfrt as ciniimn cnotae ii- nuatcesAinolacadtridlbticse niS, tvsn caipteecuttuar iilotfiodvrthubtcinyian rsc aatoageul nls fr.l edo uiavAsn rripsonrlgguypcrg a getor giaesacre.ntln aCsmdit zhae eadnadntandi tottg oasfnoet sear rhe(ln IsnafSvurrgAiasirntmoCthagn)eei nmiswnsye seaosd ntt rp ehkatrmae nfolo d,dgs cs erctouahvocsmeaoeiatlrd o tlds, hp ei-a-rtv e agt“oAhnnreerdece A tptnihrcehc arSottmiy uciss.as t Tefcerh hmogeasa”snt se– gee tansion, v sptgiyhri scodetsnr ee aammcmroee oal noatft ilggcls y,air neg loltayrefot. rl uiacmnondndpn opaernrtcodatcne fecdrsee sas ethnoswd tt hahtotaeegt rg es, ltatoohnbredear l tac hcnooednm P trreemiboleuupantlseeiets yt oo b ft uhte 2233333389012345 LMNKKAIEgavhakuaubejtamrbkrnynkuhatktay nsoriR mioaGa nePnvneeosao gyeoF rF aikicRRe iE rreeSelcycdlstshdooea eS lltaSSoaotirttoarggcaactnyhitthicoii oLo aSSnanlntt abRatoteiiosroaenntaorrcyh Station ---6204 5 4191261163186236263+21118365+5541439385327203+9T11464U86601+N626D36R7A6516708 23+2421DiscoSnMptoEinrAauNdoi ucN2E s0pQo pe UpermeIrLmraImBafraRforfIosrUotsMtst LINE22 ON GLACIERS (ELA) etop fo enoZ
Let’s INTERACT ! 36 International Ecological Educational 2 T 9
around its key science questions for pan-Arctic research includ- R BOREAL FOREST
Center ”Istomino” E 73 25
ing long-term planning and priority setting. ISAC establishes 37 Willem Barents Biological Station 4 DES 74 19
new and enhances existing synergies among scientists and www.eu-interact.org 38 Research Station Samoylov Island 72 ALPINE TUNDRA & WETLANDS
stakeholders engaged in Arctic environmental research and 39 Spasskaya Pad Scientific Forest Station 6 54 76
governance. INTERAC T 40 Elgeeii Scientific Forest Station GRASSLAND 75
www.arcticchange.org I 41 Chokurdakh Scientific Tundra Station 8 TEMPERATE FOREST
N
42 Orotuk Field Station
The WWF Global Arctic Programme has coordinated WWF’s work T 43 North-East Science Station 10
in the Arctic since 1992. WWF works through offices in six Arctic E 44 Avachinsky Volcano Field Station 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Mean annual
countries, with experts in circumpolar issues like governance, R 45 Meinypil’gyno Community Based Biological Station pr(emcimpi twa.teioqn.)
climate change, resilience, fisheries, oil and gas, and polar bears.
A 46 Adygine Research Station
www.wwf.org
C 47 Barrow Arctic Research Center/
Location of INTERACT Stations
T International Network for Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the Arctic Barrow Environmental Observatory
48 Toolik Field Station

Stories of Arctic Science 49 Kluane Lake Research Station 44
50 Western Arctic Research Centre
S
51 Canadian High Arctic Research Station
t
o 52 M’Clintock Channel Polar Research Cabins 45
42
r 53 Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
i USA 40
e 54 Polar Environment Atmospheric
s Research Laboratory 49 48 47 43 39
o 55 CEN Ward Hunt Island Research Station 50 41
f 56 CEN Bylot Island Field Station 38 36
INTERACT TRANSNATIONAL ACCESS A 57 Igloolik Research Center CANADA
37
r 58 CEN Salluit Research Station 51 35
Transnational Access is a way to support international research c 59 CEN Boniface River Field Station 52
cRoensedaurcctheedr sa at rree sseealercchte sdt attoio rencse ainved Tortahnesrn raetsioeanraclh A icncferasss ttrhurcotuugrehs . tic 6601 C CEENN WUmhaiupjmaqa gRoesoesaturci-hK Sutuajtjuioanrapik 57 5653 54 55 34 RUSSIA 33
shamccaeicvenoentm tfsir.fim eTceoo e adfvacaacctlieiuloistansat tticoeoon icsn otttsone, dreannnuadsctut it orrheene sah euli agssrcehci ehoqn fua tratie filtsichtey eca. orTsclihlthaee bf, raioencrsicalelitutaiiordecnsihn aaegnnr tsddr ta imhnveesotnlr ra eun -d Scien 666234 RCCNeEEusNNne aaRCvralucedhati r sRSwsetoaasnettie aoErrnc cLohal okInegs iRctieatslu eRteaersceha rSctha tSiotantion 62 61660359 5864 66GREENLA760N9D71 SV12AL3B456ARD 27 28 330129 32 KYRGYZ 46
Tanhde eHdaintonresl eo fS tahvies lba o(Pohko,t Toe: Mrryo rVte. nC aRallsacghh).an etoffi sctiaetniot nuss ea nodf rfeasceilaitricehs lioncfraatsetdru icnt aunreost,h seurp cpoournt tirsy o tnhlayn p wrohveidree dth e ce 6656 LAarcbtriacd Sotar tIniosntitute Research Station 65 6768 1112131581426 REPUBLIC
researcher lives. 67 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources 72 73 10 16 17
74 18
68 Sermilik Research Station ICELAND 75 9 FINLAND
INTERACT’s Transnational Access program has been funded by 69 EGRIP Field Station FAROE NORWAY 19
the EU, Canada and the US. By autumn 2015, 500 scientists from 70 Zackenberg Research Station ISLANDS 76 7 SWEDEN
19 countries have received awards from INTERACT to work at 24
71 Villum Research Station UNITED POLAND
research stations located throughout the Arctic. 2015 72 Sudurnes Science and Learning Center KINGDOM 24 25
ISBN: 978-87-93129-11-5 73 Litla-Skard AUSTR2IA12223CZECH
www.eu-interact.org 74 RIF Field Station SWITZERLAND REPUBLIC
20
75 Faroe Islands Nature Investigation
76 ECN Cairngorms
INTERACT Stations
1 Sverdrup Research Station INTERACT is a circumarctic network of terrestrial field bases in Arctic, alpine
2 Netherlands’ Arctic Station and neighbouring forested areas. The network is funded for 2011-2015 by
ORGANISATIONS WORKING WITH INTERACT INTERACT 3 UK Arctic Research Station EU’s Seventh Framework Programme as “Integrating Activity” under the theme
4 CNR Arctic Station “Dirigibile Italia” “Research Infrastructures for Polar Research”.
The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) is a
5 Czech Arctic Research Station of Josef Svoboda
non-governmental, international scientific organization. The International Network for Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the Arctic 6 Polish Polar Station Hornsund INTERACT has an overarching concept of strategically sampling the great en-
IASC mission is to encourage and facilitate cooperation in all 7 Finse Alpine Research Centre vironmental variation throughout northern areas. This concept is illustrated in
aspects of Arctic research, in all countries engaged in Arctic 8 Bioforsk Svanhovd Research Station the graphic below which shows the location of the INTERACT Stations within
research and in all areas of the Arctic region.
9 Svartberget Research Station environmental space, defined by temperature and precipitation ranges. Much
www.iasc.org INTERACT is a circumarctic network of more than 75 terrestrial field bases in
10 Tarfala Research Station of research within this book seeks to understand how this environmental
Arctic, alpine and neighbouring forest areas. 11 Abisko Scientific Research Station space is changing.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) is an
12 Kilpisjärvi Biological Station
Arctic Council initiative with the objective of providing reliable
13 Kevo Subarctic Research Station
The main objective of INTERACT is to provide a circumarctic platform
and sufficient information on the status of, and threats to, the
14 Värriö Subarctic Research Station
Arctic environment, and providing scientific advice on actions to for identifying, understanding, predicting and responding to current Mean annual air temperature (°C)
15 Pallas-Sodankylä Stations
be taken in order to support Arctic governments in their efforts to environmental changes that take place in the Arctic and neighbouring areas. 16 Kolari Research Unit -20 69
take remedial and preventive actions relating to contaminants. The INTERACT stations host over 5,000 researchers annually, facilitating top- 17 Oulanka Research Station (-29 °C) Location of INTERACT Stations in “environmental space”
www.amap.no 18 Kainuu Fisheries Research Station -18 55
level research and monitoring programmes within a wide range of scientific 71
19 Hyytiälä Forest Research Station (SMEAR II)
The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) is disciplines from natural sciences to the human dimension. 20 Alpine Research and Education Station Furka -16 5536
an Arctic Council initiative supporting an international network
21 Station Hintereis -14 51
of scientists, governments, indigenous organizations and con-
servation groups working to harmonize and integrate efforts to The book takes the reader on a journey through the Arctic and neighbouring 22 Sonnblick Observatory 47 57 38 n
23 Krkonoše Mountains National Park -12 o
monitor the Arctic’s living resources. alpine and forest areas, and reveals the excitement and adventure that 24 Karkonosze National Park 43 42 37 ita
www.caff.is/monitoring the researchers both enjoy and endure. The book consists of seven highly 25 M&M Kłapa Research Station -10 41 39 4604 icalg
illustrated sections focusing on landscape-forming processes, glaciers 26 Khibiny Educational and Scientific Station 70 35 la
Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) is an Arctic 27 Beliy Island Research Station -8 50 48 34 Continuous permafrost itn
CmnsewIpnocaorwetooctueneivnwenrdtiontd c. oaamapiellfrt as ciniimn cnotae ii- nuatcesAinolacadtridlbticse niS, tvsn caipteecuttuar iilotfiodvrthubtcinyian rsc aatoageul nls fr.l edo uiavAsn rripsonrlgguypcrg a getor giaesacre.ntln aCsmdit zhae eadnadntandi tottg oasfnoet sear rhe(ln IsnafSvurrgAiasirntmoCthagn)eei nmiswnsye seaosd ntt rp ehkatrmae nfolo d,dgs cs erctouahvocsmeaoeiatlrd o tlds, hp ei-a-rtv e agt“oAhnnreerdece A tptnihrcehc arSottmiy uciss.as t Tefcerh hmogeasa”snt se– gee tansion, v sptgiyhri scodetsnr ee aammcmroee oal noatft ilggcls y,air neg loltayrefot. rl uiacmnondndpn opaernrtcodatcne fecdrsee sas ethnoswd tt hahtotaeegt rg es, ltatoohnbredear l tac hcnooednm P trreemiboleuupantlseeiets yt oo b ft uhte 2233333389012345 LMNKKAIEgavhakuaubejtamrbkrnynkuhatktay nsoriR mioaGa nePnvneeosao gyeoF rF aikicRRe iE rreeSelcycdlstshdooea eS lltaSSoaotirttoarggcaactnyhitthicoii oLo aSSnanlntt abRatoteiiosroaenntaorrcyh Station ---6204 5 4191261163186236263+21118365+5541439385327203+9T11464U86601+N626D36R7A6516708 23+2421DiscoSnMptoEinrAauNdoi ucN2E s0pQo pe UpermeIrLmraImBafraRforfIosrUotsMtst LINE22 ON GLACIERS (ELA) etop fo enoZ
Let’s INTERACT ! 36 International Ecological Educational 2 T 9
around its key science questions for pan-Arctic research includ- R BOREAL FOREST
Center ”Istomino” E 73 25
ing long-term planning and priority setting. ISAC establishes 37 Willem Barents Biological Station 4 DES 74 19
new and enhances existing synergies among scientists and www.eu-interact.org 38 Research Station Samoylov Island 72 ALPINE TUNDRA & WETLANDS
stakeholders engaged in Arctic environmental research and 39 Spasskaya Pad Scientific Forest Station 6 54 76
governance. INTERAC T 40 Elgeeii Scientific Forest Station GRASSLAND 75
www.arcticchange.org I 41 Chokurdakh Scientific Tundra Station 8 TEMPERATE FOREST
N
42 Orotuk Field Station
The WWF Global Arctic Programme has coordinated WWF’s work T 43 North-East Science Station 10
in the Arctic since 1992. WWF works through offices in six Arctic E 44 Avachinsky Volcano Field Station 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Mean annual
countries, with experts in circumpolar issues like governance, R 45 Meinypil’gyno Community Based Biological Station pr(emcimpi twa.teioqn.)
climate change, resilience, fisheries, oil and gas, and polar bears.
A 46 Adygine Research Station
www.wwf.org
C 47 Barrow Arctic Research Center/
Location of INTERACT Stations
T International Network for Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the Arctic Barrow Environmental Observatory
48 Toolik Field Station

Stories of Arctic Science 49 Kluane Lake Research Station 44
50 Western Arctic Research Centre
S
51 Canadian High Arctic Research Station
t
o 52 M’Clintock Channel Polar Research Cabins 45
42
r 53 Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
i USA 40
e 54 Polar Environment Atmospheric
s Research Laboratory 49 48 47 43 39
o 55 CEN Ward Hunt Island Research Station 50 41
f 56 CEN Bylot Island Field Station 38 36
INTERACT TRANSNATIONAL ACCESS A 57 Igloolik Research Center CANADA
37
r 58 CEN Salluit Research Station 51 35
Transnational Access is a way to support international research c 59 CEN Boniface River Field Station 52
cRoensedaurcctheedr sa at rree sseealercchte sdt attoio rencse ainved Tortahnesrn raetsioeanraclh A icncferasss ttrhurcotuugrehs . tic 6601 C CEENN WUmhaiupjmaqa gRoesoesaturci-hK Sutuajtjuioanrapik 57 5653 54 55 34 RUSSIA 33
shamccaeicvenoentm tfsir.fim eTceoo e adfvacaacctlieiuloistansat tticoeoon icsn otttsone, dreannnuadsctut it orrheene sah euli agssrcehci ehoqn fua tratie filtsichtey eca. orTsclihlthaee bf, raioencrsicalelitutaiiordecnsihn aaegnnr tsddr ta imhnveesotnlr ra eun -d Scien 666234 RCCNeEEusNNne aaRCvralucedhati r sRSwsetoaasnettie aoErrnc cLohal okInegs iRctieatslu eRteaersceha rSctha tSiotantion 62 61660359 5864 66GREENLA760N9D71 SV12AL3B456ARD 27 28 330129 32 KYRGYZ 46
Tanhde eHdaintonresl eo fS tahvies lba o(Pohko,t Toe: Mrryo rVte. nC aRallsacghh).an etoffi sctiaetniot nuss ea nodf rfeasceilaitricehs lioncfraatsetdru icnt aunreost,h seurp cpoournt tirsy o tnhlayn p wrohveidree dth e ce 6656 LAarcbtriacd Sotar tIniosntitute Research Station 65 6768 1112131581426 REPUBLIC
researcher lives. 67 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources 72 73 10 16 17
74 18
68 Sermilik Research Station ICELAND 75 9 FINLAND
INTERACT’s Transnational Access program has been funded by 69 EGRIP Field Station FAROE NORWAY 19
the EU, Canada and the US. By autumn 2015, 500 scientists from 70 Zackenberg Research Station ISLANDS 76 7 SWEDEN
19 countries have received awards from INTERACT to work at 24
71 Villum Research Station UNITED POLAND
research stations located throughout the Arctic. 2015 72 Sudurnes Science and Learning Center KINGDOM 24 25
ISBN: 978-87-93129-11-5 73 Litla-Skard AUSTR2IA12223CZECH
www.eu-interact.org 74 RIF Field Station SWITZERLAND REPUBLIC
20
75 Faroe Islands Nature Investigation
76 ECN Cairngorms
INTERACT
Stories of Arctic Science
Editors:
Terry V. Callaghan
Hannele Savela
INTERACT Stories of Arctic Science
Edited by:
Terry V. Callaghan1,2,3 & Hannele Savela4
Reviewers:
Elmer Topp-Jørgensen5, Margareta Johansson1,
Kirsi Latola4, Morten Rasch6 & Luisella Bianco7
1 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2 University of Sheffield, UK
3 Tomsk State University, Russian Federation
4 Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland
5 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University,
Denmark
6 Department for Geosciences and Natural Resource
Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
7 CLU, Italy
Published 2015, First edition
Cover photo: Carsten Egevang/Arc-pic.com
Front cover, small photos (left to right):
Konstanze Piel, David Hik, Marco Graziano, Liane G.
Benning and Jonas Åkerman. Back cover, small photos:
J. Edward Scofield and Morten Rasch.
Graphic design:
Juana Jacobsen & Kathe Møgelvang,
AU Bioscience Graphics Group, Aarhus University
Publisher:
Aarhus University,
DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy
Citation:
INTERACT 2015. INTERACT Stories of Arctic Science.
Eds.: Callaghan, T.V. and Savela, H. DCE – Danish
Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University,
Denmark, 180 p.
Printed in Denmark 2015 by Rosendahl-Schultz Grafisk
ISBN 978-87-93129-11-5
DOI: http://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.LIS.2015.002
The book is available as PDF via above DOI and on the
INTERACT website www.eu-interact.org.
The printing of this book has been made possible by
means provided by INTERACT, The European Commis-
sion and Tomsk State University.
Carsten Egevang/Arc-pic.com

Her Royal Highness
Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden
I have had the privilege to make several trips to the Arctic to experience
its remarkable nature and wild life, meeting with local residents as well
as learning first-hand from researchers working in the field. This experi-
ence has given me a deeper appreciation of the importance of under-
standing and protecting this northern frontier of the planet Earth.
Most importantly, the breadth of research activities, and the long term
commitments to observations and measurements are critical for pro-
viding solutions to how to predict, prevent, adapt to and mitigate the
Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Victoria
environmental changes. During my visits to Abisko, and other research
of Sweden and INTERACT Coordinator Terry
stations in the North I have also come to understand the importance of
V. Callaghan pictured at Abisko Scientific
good infrastructure and state-of-the-art technology. Research Station in Sweden (Peter Rosen).
The INTERACT network connects research stations in 17 countries
and enables experience and knowledge to be shared. These collective
efforts are well reflected in this book. It presents short research stories
from around the Arctic and provides a source of knowledge about the
fundamental environmental issues of global concern that are taking
place there. These stories give a wealth of information about Arctic sci-
ence in a format which hopefully will inspire new generations of Arctic
scientists as well as providing decision makers, teachers and interested
readers with essential information.
My hope is that like me you will find this book “INTERACT Stories of
Arctic Science” stimulating and a link to further insights and a broader
appreciation of the Arctic and its role in a global context.
Katrine Raundrup
Content
Foreword . ........................................................................................ 8
Telling stories of Arctic science .......................................................... 10
What and where is the Arctic? . .................................................................... 11
Why produce a book about Arctic research? ..................................................... 15
Why write stories? .................................................................................. 17
What is INTERACT’s role? . .......................................................................... 18
How to use this book? .............................................................................. 19
Learning more. ...................................................................................... 20
1
Landscapes and land-forming processes ............................................. 22
1.1 Evaluating radar remote sensing data for Arctic tundra landscapes ..................... 34
1.2 The impact of glacial erosion on the bedrock plains of northern Fennoscandia ........ 36
1.3 Past climate of the Faroe Islands during the late glacial period ........................... 38
1.4 Moraine internal structure and form . ....................................................... 40
1.5 Outburst flood characteristics of a glacier-dammed lake in Northeast Greenland . ..... 42
2 Permafrost . ...................................................................................... 46
2.1 The influence of permafrost on glacial meltwater ......................................... 54
2.2 Plant community controls on thawing permafrost soils and sediment transfer . ........ 56
2.3 Greenhouse gas dynamics in a changing sub-Arctic landscape .......................... 58
2.4 Stable isotopes as indicators of environmental change . .................................. 60
2.5 Validation of soil moisture data from the Lena Delta retrieved by satellite .............. 62
3 Snow and ice . ................................................................................... 64
3.1 How snow insulates permafrost soils ....................................................... 72
3.2 Black Carbon and its radiative impact in a Svalbard snowpack . .......................... 74
3.3 Adaptations and survival of microorganisms on snow and ice ........................... 76
3.4 Glacier monitoring in Southeast Greenland . ............................................... 78
3.5 Relationships between glacier dynamics and climate . .................................... 80
3.6 Examining the effect of changes in plateau icefield mass balance
on ice margin retreat patterns and depositional processes ............................... 82
3.7 Ground penetrating radar investigation of a Norwegian glacier’s
marginal ice conditions ...................................................................... 84
4
Land-atmosphere linkages . ............................................................... 86
4.1 Energy exchange in the Arctic – a “butterfly effect” for the global climate? ............. 92
4.2 Patterns of carbon storage in a Siberian permafrost landscape .......................... 94
4.3 How does increasing CO affect soil microbial diversity and carbon fluxes? ............. 96
2
4.4 Fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds from plants in Greenland .............. 98
4.5 Controls on volatile organic compound emissions from northern plants ............... 100
5
Life on Arctic lands ........................................................................... 102
5.1 Recent influence of climate on shrub growth around the North‐Atlantic Region . ...... 112
5.2 Patterns of insect herbivory along altitudinal gradients in a polar region ............... 114
5.3 Grass seed “hitchhikers” – grass‐endophyte symbiosis across the latitudes ............. 116
5.4 Consequence of climate change on the fate of Arctic-alpine bumblebees . ............. 118
5.5 Is rodent-borne Ljungan virus responsible for mortality
in migrating Norwegian lemmings (Lemmus lemmus)? ................................... 120
5.6 High Arctic food webs ....................................................................... 122
5.7 How predator-prey interactions impact distribution and breeding systems
of high Arctic waders under current climate change . ..................................... 124
6 Life in cold waters . ............................................................................ 126
6.1 Reconstructing Holocene temperatures . ................................................... 136
6.2 Carbon processing in Arctic lakes when vegetation changes on land ................... 138
6.3 Acidity and origin of dissolved organic carbon in different vegetation zones . .......... 140
6.4 Finding cold-adapted bacteria to combat organic pollutants in the Arctic .............. 142
6.5 A microbial ride around the Arctic .......................................................... 144
6.6 Microbial biodiversity in polar lake ecosystems:
why is it different at the North and South Pole? ........................................... 146
7 People in the North .......................................................................... 148
7.1 Dynamic risk management for an Artic region . ............................................ 156
7.2 Assessing and valuing ecosystem services in the Abisko area . ........................... 158
7.3 Ecosystem service social assessments in extreme environments . ........................ 160
7.4 Assessment of boreal forest ecosystem services at two Russian sites . ................... 162
7.5 Working with local communities to quantify Arctic ecosystem services . ................ 164
7.6 Adapting to changing permafrost in Salluit, Canada ...................................... 166

Appendix . ........................................................................................ 170
8 INTERACT