Intelligent Transportation Systems: Theory and Practice

407 Pages·2022·10.638 MB·English

by  Amit Kumar Tyagi, Niladhuri Sreenath

Disruptive Technologies and
Digital Transformations for Society 5.0
Amit Kumar Tyagi
Niladhuri Sreenath
Intelligent
Transportation
Systems: Theory
and Practice
Disruptive Technologies and Digital
Transformations for Society 5.0
Series Editors
Prasenjit Chatterjee, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MCKV Institute of
Engineering, West Bengal, India
Anjali Awasthi, CIISE, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Manoj Kumar Tiwari, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Shankar Chakraborty, Department of Production Engineering, Jadavpur University,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Morteza Yazdani, ESIC Business and Marketing school, Pozuelo de Alarcón,
Barcelona, Spain
Disruptive technologies and digital transformations for Society 5.0 aims to report innovations
to enable a futuristic society in which new values and services are created continuously, making
people’s lives more conformable and sustainable. It aims to present how problems can be solved
in different areas, including mobility, health, agriculture, food, manufacturing, disaster preven-
tion, and energy to name a few. Society 5.0 framework is based on data captured by real-world
sensors and sent to the virtual cloud world for Artificial intelligence (AI)-based analysis, which
in turn will return to the real world in physical form through robots, machines, and motor vehi-
cles. People, objects, and systems are all connected in Society 5.0 and converge in cyber and
physical space to collect a large amount of data from a variety of sources using sensors and
devices. In Society 5.0, new values created by social innovation eliminate regional, age, gender,
and language disparities and enable the delivery of personalized products and services that
meet many individuals and potential needs. Digital transformation marks a radical rethinking of
how an organization uses technology, people, and processes to fundamentally change business
performance. Disruptive technologies including AI, affective computing, Blockchain, biolog-
ical computing, cloud computing, emotion theory, human-computer interaction, Internet of
Things (IoT) predictive analysis, probabilistic methods, swarm intelligence, socio-cognitive
neuroscience, quantum computing, web intelligence have monumental roles to play in digital
reality and Society 5.0. These technologies are shifting the economic landscape and the time
has come to imbibe these technologies and empower organizations to exploit them now and
in the future. The Series accepts research monographs, introductory and advanced textbooks,
professional books, and reference works.
Aim and Scope
• The series is focused to explore how disruptive technologies are helping in digital trans-
formation and how organizations are changing the way they do business, concerning
innovation processes and business model transformations.
• This series is focused on how various disruptive technologies are creating opportunities
across the business landscape.
• This series provides a comprehensive guide to Industry 4.0 applications, not only intro-
ducing implementation aspects but also presenting conceptual frameworks to the design
principles of Society 5.0. Besides, it discusses such effects in new business models and
workforce transformation.
• Changing dynamics of global production, its complexities, high end automated processes,
high-level competitiveness, and emerging technologies for new generation goods, products,
and services.
• Special focus on AI, affective computing, Blockchain, biological computing, cloud
computing, cognitive intelligence, digital business transformation, decision sciences, e-
health services, emotion theory, Futuristic digital society, habitat Innovation, human-
computer interaction, Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Humans (IoH), IoT-oriented
Infrastructure, mobile computing, neural computing, predictive analysis, probabilistic
methods, resilience in cyber-physical systems, robotics and automation for futuristic appli-
cations, swarm intelligence, synergies, and tradeoffs of food, energy, and water (F-E-W)
nexus, socio-cognitive neuroscience, smart homes, and smart buildings, smart mobility
and transportation, smart factories, embedded devices, quantum computing, and web
intelligence to name a few.
·
Amit Kumar Tyagi Niladhuri Sreenath
Intelligent Transportation
Systems: Theory and Practice
Amit Kumar Tyagi Niladhuri Sreenath
Department of Fashion Technology Department of Computer Science
National Institute of Fashion Technology and Engineering
New Delhi, Delhi, India Puducherry Technological University
Puducherry, India
ISSN 2730-9061 ISSN 2730-907X (electronic)
Disruptive Technologies and Digital Transformations for Society 5.0
ISBN 978-981-19-7621-6 ISBN 978-981-19-7622-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7622-3
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Preface
Since nineteenth century, we have seen major development in vehicular technology,
but still ITS is in growing phase, enhancing safety, energy and fuel efficiency, comfort,
and economic growth. ITS with high-level automated driving (and vision) over road is
called as connected vehicle. Vehicle connectivity and information exchange over the
road is an essential requirement for other users in future with automated driving/for
driverless cars. Each vehicle can connect with another vehicle and can get situation
about further routes. Note that ITS use information and communication technologies
(ICTs) to deliver transport improvements instead of extending physical infrastruc-
ture, thereby saving money and reducing environmental impact. This book will be
used to understand ad hoc network structure from nineteenth century to twenty-
first century, i.e., from man-based controlled vehicles to intelligent transportation
system/unmanned vehicle. Note that VANET (intelligent transportation system is a
type of VANET) will be discussed in detail like research work done by scientific
community toward VANET, issues, and challenges. Autonomous intelligent vehi-
cles (AIVs) (vehicles which use intelligence and automation to control themselves)
pose unique challenges in robotics that encompass issues of environment perception
and modeling, localization and map building, path planning and decision-making,
and motion control. At last, several applications of vehicles with Internet of Things
(IoTs) will be discussed like health care, logistics/supply chain management, etc.
In near future, AIV will face many requirements like online data storage, online
communication, online maintenance, and fault tolerance. All such requirements
belong to dynamic and will change frequently. This book provides fundamental
principles of ITS with a comprehensive insight and state of the art of normal vehi-
cles, vehicular technology, connecting vehicles, and intelligent vehicles/ autonomous
intelligent vehicles. Many students/readers (newcomers) to this era face several diffi-
culties in understanding this topic and feel so difficulty in grabbing the concept of ITS.
This book will help such readers and will provide an in-depth understanding about
vehicles, its internal structure, types, and its related fundamental principles. This book
will leave readers/researchers at future vehicles like autonomous vehicles, hybrid
vehicles, AIV (i.e., in the necessity of future transportation), and autonomous decen-
tralized systems (ADS). With an emphasis on both high-level concepts and practical
v
vi Preface
detail, the text links theory, case sties with real-world scenarios, algorithms, and
issues of hardware and software implementation in autonomous intelligent vehicle
research. This book gives a boost for new researchers/young researchers to do their
research with complete information about network technologies/or finding a problem
for their research work (with respect to vehicular network).
New Delhi, India Amit Kumar Tyagi
Puducherry, India Niladhuri Sreenath
Acknowledgements
First of all, we would like to extend our gratitude to our family members, friends,
and supervisors, who stood with us as advisors in completing this book. Also, we
would like to thank our almighty “God” who makes us to write this book. We also
thank Springer Publishers (who has provided their continuous support during this
COVID-19 pandemic), our colleagues with whom we have work together inside the
college/university, and others outside of the college/university who have provided
their continuous support toward completing this book on vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET)/intelligent transportation systems (ITS).
Also, we would like to thank our respected madam, Prof. G Aghila, Prof. Siva
Sathya, our respected sir Prof. Ajith Abraham, and Prof. Aswani Kumar Cherukuri,
for giving their valuable inputs and helping us in completing this book.
Dr. Amit Kumar Tyagi
Dr. Niladhuri Sreenath
vii
Contents
1 Introduction to Intelligent Transportation System ................ 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Background/Literature Review ............................ 5
1.3 Intelligent Transportation Technologies, Evolution
and History ............................................. 9
1.4 Future of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Smart
Cities .................................................. 11
1.4.1 Analyzing Public Attitudes and Perceptions
from Cyber Sources ............................. 11
1.4.2 CSP Traffic Network Modeling ................... 12
1.5 Cooperative System Over the Road Network ................ 12
1.6 Smart Transportation System ............................. 13
1.7 Current Trends in Intelligent Transportation Systems
(ITSs) ................................................. 15
1.8 Intelligent Cities and Related Artificial Intelligence
Techniques Reviews ..................................... 16
1.9 Critical Issues and Challenges in Intelligent
Transportation System ................................... 17
1.10 Current Issues and Challenges in Wired, Wireless,
and Vehicular Technology ................................ 17
1.11 Conclusion ............................................. 18
References .................................................... 19
2 Intelligent Transportation System: Past, Present, and Future ...... 23
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 23
2.2 Background/Literature Review ............................ 26
2.3 History of Intelligent Transportation System ................ 29
2.3.1 Early History .................................. 29
2.3.2 The 1980s ..................................... 30
2.3.3 The 1990s ..................................... 30
2.3.4 The 2000s ..................................... 30
ix
x Contents
2.3.5 The 2010s ..................................... 31
2.3.6 2015–2020 .................................... 31
2.3.7 2021-The Future ................................ 31
2.4 Existing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) ............. 32
2.4.1 Traffic Management Center (TMC) ................ 32
2.4.2 Dynamic Message Sign (DMS) ................... 32
2.4.3 Lane Control and Variable Speed Limit Signs
(LCS and VSL) ................................ 32
2.4.4 Overheight Vehicle Detection Systems (OVDS) ..... 32
2.5 Fundamental Problems in Indian Transportation System ...... 33
2.5.1 Faculty Planning of Transport System ............. 34
2.5.2 Lack of Rail Road Coordination .................. 34
2.5.3 Worn Out and Obsolete Assets ................... 34
2.5.4 Improved Technology ........................... 34
2.6 Solutions for the Problems in Indian Transportation
System ................................................ 35
2.7 Future of Intelligent Transportation System ................. 37
2.7.1 Traffic Management Center (TMC) ................ 37
2.7.2 Automatic Incident Detection (AID) Systems ....... 37
2.7.3 Impact on Road Safety .......................... 37
2.8 A Connected Environment for Smart Mobility ............... 39
2.9 Intelligent Transportation System Applications .............. 40
2.9.1 Road Safety Application ......................... 40
2.9.2 Traffic Management Applications ................. 40
2.9.3 Autonomous Driving Applications ................ 41
2.9.4 Infotainment and Comfort Applications ............ 41
2.9.5 Emergency Vehicle Notification Systems ........... 41
2.10 Intelligent Transportation System Early Findings ............ 41
2.10.1 Traffic Signal Control ........................... 42
2.10.2 Traffic Management and Surveillance .............. 42
2.10.3 Incident Management ........................... 42
2.10.4 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) .................. 43
2.10.5 Transit Management ............................ 43
2.10.6 Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) ............ 43
2.10.7 Vehicle Control Technologies .................... 44
2.10.8 Human Factors ................................. 44
2.11 Conclusion ............................................. 44
References .................................................... 45
3 Applications of Vehicles and Its Related Technology
in Previous and the Next Decade ................................ 49
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 49
3.2 Related Work ........................................... 52
3.3 Applications of 4G-Based Versus 5G-Based Vehicles ......... 54
3.4 Next-Generation (NG)-Based Future Vehicles ............... 55