Intelligence Reframed Multiple Intelligences for the 21st

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I N T E L L I G E N C E
R E F R A M E D
Other Books by Howard Gardner
The Quest for Mind (1973)
The Arts and Human Development (1973)
The Shattered Mind (1975)
Developmental Psychology (1978)
Artful Scribbles (1980)
Art, Mind, and Brain (1982)
Frames of Mind (1983)
The Mind’s New Science (1985)
To Open Minds (1989)
The Unschooled Mind (1991)
Creating Minds (1993)
Multiple Intelligences (1993)
Leading Minds (1996)
Intelligence: Multiple Perspectives
(with Kornhaber and Wake) (1996)
Extraordinary Minds (1997)
The Disciplined Mind (1999)
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H O W A R D G A R D N E R E
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R E F R A M E D R E F R A M E D R E F R A M E D R E F R A M E D
A MEMBER OF THE PERSEUS BOOKS GROUP
Copyright © 1999 by Howard Gardner
Published by Basic Books,
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part
of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without
written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in
critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books,
387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016–8810.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gardner, Howard.
Intelligence reframed : multiple intelligences for the 21st century /
Howard Gardner.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13 978–0–465–02611–1
ISBN-10 0–465–02611–7
1. Multiple intelligences. I. Title.
BF432.3 .G378 1999
153.9—dc21 99-042468
Book design by Victoria Kuskowski
DHSB 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
FOR PATRICIA ALBJERG GRAHAM,
INCOMPARABLE MENTOR,
CHERISHED COLLEAGUE,
VALUED FRIEND

C O N T E N T S
Acknowledgments ix
1 INTELLIGENCE AND INDIVIDUALITY 1
2 BEFORE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 7
3 THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES:
A Personal Perspective 27
4 ARE THERE ADDITIONAL INTELLIGENCES? 47
5 IS THERE A MORAL INTELLIGENCE? 67
6 MYTHS AND REALITIES ABOUT
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 79
7 ISSUES AND ANSWERS REGARDING
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 93
8 THE INTELLIGENCES OF CREATORS AND LEADERS 115
9 MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN THE SCHOOLS 135
viii Contents
10 MULTIPLE APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING 157
11 MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN THE WIDER WORLD 183
12 WHO OWNS INTELLIGENCE? 203
Notes 221
Appendix A Books and Articles by Howard Gardner 239
Appendix B Other Works About the Theory of
Multiple Intelligences 249
Appendix C Videos, Newsletters, and Miscellany 271
Appendix D Contacts on Multiple Intelligences Theory
and Its Applications 277
Index 285
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
This book draws heavily on essays written in the 1990s. For their crit-
ical comments on one or more of these essays, I thank Thomas
Armstrong, Eric Blumenson, Veronica Boix-Mansilla, Mihaly Csik-
szentmihalyi, Patricia Bolanos, Antonio Damasio, William Damon,
Reuven Feuerstein, Daniel Goleman, Tom Hatch, Tom Hoerr, Jeff
Kane, Paul Kaufman, Mindy Kornhaber, Mara Krechevsky, Jonathan
Levy, Tanya Luhrmann, Robert Ornstein, David Perkins, Charles
Reigeluth, Courtney Ross, Mark Runco, Mark Turner, Julie Viens, Joe
Walters, E. O. Wilson, and Ellen Winner. Jo Ann Miller, Donya Levine,
Richard Fumosa, and Sharon Sharp of Perseus Books aided ably in the
editorial process.
In particular, I have drawn on the following:
Gardner, H.: “Reflections on Multiple Intelligences: Myths and Mes-
sages.” Phi Delta Kappan 77,no. 3(1995): 200–209.
______. “Are There Additional Intelligences?” In Education, Infor-
mation, and Transformation, ed. J. Kane. Upper Saddle River,
N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1999.
______. “Multiple Approaches to Understanding.” In Instructional-
Design Theories and Models: A New Paradigm of Instructional
Theory, ed. C. Reigeluth. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1999.
______. “Who Owns Intelligence?” Atlantic Monthly, February
1999, 67–76.
x Acknowledgments
The work described in these essays has been made possible by gener-
ous funders. I would like to thank the Bauman Foundation, the Car-
negie Corporation, the Nathan Cummings Foundation, Jeffrey Epstein,
the Fetzer Institute, the Ford Foundation, the William T. Grant Foun-
dation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Christian A.
Johnson Endeavor Foundation, Thomas H. Lee, the New American
Schools Development Corporation, the Jesse Phillips Foundation, the
Rockefeller Brothers Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the
Louise and Claude Rosenberg Jr. Family Foundation, the Ross Family
Charitable Foundation, the Spencer Foundation, and the Bernard Van
Leer Foundation, as well as a generous funder who wishes to remain
anonymous.
Finally, I want to thank, though not by name, the many people in
the United States and abroad who have worked with me to develop the
implications of the theory of multiple intelligences. Many of you are
listed in the appendices. To all of you, I express my heartfelt gratitude.
Cambridge, MA
June 1999