Intelligence and Learning

611 Pages·1981·25.811 MB·English

by  Morton P. Friedman, J. P. Das, Neil O’Connor (auth.), Morton P. Friedman, J. P. Das, Neil O’Connor (eds.)

INTELLIGENCE
AND LEARNING
NATO CONFERENCE SERIES
I Ecology
II Systems Science
III Human Factors
IV Marine Sciences
V Air-Sea Interactions
VI Materials Science
III HUMAN FACTORS
Volume 8 Mental Workload: Its Theory and Measurement
Edited by Neville Moray
Volume 9 Human Evoked Potentials: Applications and Problems
Edited by Dietrich Lehmann and Enoch Callaway
Volume 10 Human Consequences of Crowding
Edited by Mehmet R. Giirkaynak and W. Ayhan LeCompte
Volume 11 The Analysis of Social Skill
Edited by W. T. Singleton, P. Spurgeon, and R. B. Stammers
Volume 12 Coping and Health
Edited by Seymour Levine and Holger Ursin
Volume 13 Processing of Visible Language 2
Edited by Paul A. Kolers, Merald E. Wrolstad, and Herman Bouma
Volume 14 Intelligence and Learning
Edited by Morton P. Friedman, J. P. Das, and Neil O'Connor
INTELLIGENCE
AND LEARNING
Edited by
Morton P. Friedman
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
J. P. Das
University of Alberta
Alberta, Canada
and
Neil O'Connor
MRC Developmental Psychology Unit
London, England
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division by
PLENUM PRESS- NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Nato Conference on Intelligence and Learning, York, Eng., 1979.
Intelligence and learning.
(NATO conference series: III, Human factors; v. 14)
"Proceedings of a NATO Conference on Intelligence and Learning, held July 16-20,
1979, in York, England."
Includes index.
1. Intellect-Congresses. 2. Intelligence levels-Congresses. 3. Learning Psychology
of-Congresses. I. Friedman, Morton P. II. Oas, Jagannath Prasad. III. O'Connor, Neil.
IV. Title. V. Series.
BF431.N377 1979 153 80-28692
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1085-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1083-9
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1083-9
Proceedings of a NATO Conference on Intelligence and Learning,
held July 16-20, 1979, in York, England
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1981
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume contains the Proceedings of an International
Conference on Intelligence and Learning held at York University,
England, on July 16-20, 1979.
The conference was made possible with the support and
assistance of the following agencies: NAT 0 Scientific Division,
specifically the Human Factors panel, was the major sponsor of
the conference. Special thanks are due to Dr. B. A. Bayraktar,
who helped organize the conference. Special appreciation is also
expressed for the support of the University of York where the
conference was held, the University of Alberta, the University of
California, Los Angeles, the Medical Research Council, especially
its Developmental Psychology Research Un it in London, and the
British Council. The conference was jointly directed by J. P.
Das and N. 0' Connor. The directors appreciate the assistance in
administrative matters of Patricia Chobater and Emma Collins of
the University of Alberta.
The Editors of the Proceedings acknowledge and appreciate
the following individuals who assisted in the production of the
volume at the University of California, Los Angeles: Francine
Gray, Janet Koblen and Richard Russell. Special thanks go to
Keith Felton, who prepared the final manuscript, and Carol Saro,
who assisted the editors and prepared the indexes.
Morton P. Friedman
J. P. Das
Neil O'Connor
CONTENTS
Section 1. INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction and Overview 1
M. Friedman, J. Das, and N. O'Connor
2. Intelligence and Learning 3
W. Estes
3. Recent Issues in the Developmental Approach 25
to Mental Retardation
E. Zigler and D. Balla
4. Reaction Time and Intelligence 39
A. Jensen
5. Intelligence and Learning: Specific and General 51
Handicap
N. O'Connor and B. Hermelin
Section 2. THE NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE - SYMPOSIUM
6. The Nature of Intelligence 67
H. J. Eysenck
7. The Primary Mental Ability 87
L. Humphreys
8. Genetic Differences in "g" and Real Life 103
S. Scarr
Section 3. THE NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE - PAPERS
9. Physiological Evidence that Demand for Processing 121
Capacity Varies with Intelligence
S. Ahern and J. Beatty
vii
viii CONTENTS
10. Closure Factors: Evidence for Different Modes of 129
Processing
M. Ippel and J. Bouma
11. Test Structure and Cognitive Style 139
J. Weinman, A • Elithorn, and S. Farag
12. Intelligence and the Orienting Reflex 151
H. Kimmel
Section 4. INDIVIDU AL V ARIABILITY AND INTELLIGENCE
13. Individual Differences in Memory Span 157
W. Chase, D. Lyon, and K. Ericsson
14. Towards a Symbiosis of Cognitive Psychology and 163
Psychometrics
J. Ridgway
15. Development and Modifiability of Adult Intellectual 169
Performance: An Examination of Cognitive Inter
vention in Later Adulthood
S. Willis, P. Baltes, and S. Cornelius
16. The Relationship Between Memory Span and 179
Processing Speed
R. Nicolson
Section 5. PIAGETIAN APPROACHES
17. Cognitive Mechanisms and Training 185
M. Bovet
18. Training and Logic: Comment on Magali Bovet's 203
Paper
P. Bryant
19. The Role of Social Experience in Cognitive 213
Development
H. Kavanagh
20. Knowledge Development and Memory Performance 221
M. Chi
21. Reasoning. and Problem Solving in Young Children 231
M. Blank, S. Rose, and L. Berlin
22. Logical Competence in Infancy: Object Percept 237
or Object Concept?
G. Butterworth
CONTENTS ix
Section 6. PIAGET AND DEVELOPMENT
23. Piagetian Perspective in Draw-A-House Tree Task: 247
A Longitudinal Study of the Drawings of Rural
Children
V • Ka lyan-Masih
24. Metacognition and Intelligence Theory 253
J. Borkowski and J. Cavanaugh
25. Adaptation to Equilibration: A More Complex 259
Model of the Applications of Piaget's Theory
to Early Childhood Education
C. Chaille
26. A Model of Cognitive Development 265
J. Keats
27. The Use of a Piagetian Analysis of Infant 271
Development to Predict Cognitive and Language
Development at Two Years
L. Siegel
Section 7. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSES
28. Testing Process Theories of Intelligence 277
E. Butterfield
29. Coding and Planning Processes 297
J. Das and R. Jarman
30. Process Theories: Form or Substance? A 317
Discussion of the Papers by Butterfield, Das
and Jarman
J. Biggs
Section 8. INTELLIGENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES
31. Toward a Unified Componential Theory of Human 327
Intelligence: I. Fluid Ability
R. Sternberg
32. Toward a Theory of Aptitude for Learning: I. 345
Fluid and Crystallized Abilities and their Correlates
R. Snow
Section 9. READING PROCESSES
33. Comparison of Reading and Spelling Strategies in 363
Normal and Reading Disabled Children
G. Marsh, M. Friedman, P. Desberg, and K. Saterdahl
x CONTENTS
34. Active Perceiving and the Reflection-Impulsivity 369
Dimension
N. Rader and S. Cheng
35. Cognitive Strategies in Relation to Reading 377
Disability
C. Leong
36. Comparative Efficacy of Group Therapy and 383
Remedial Reading with Reading Disabled Children
V. Nel and H. Van der Spuy
37 • Coding Strategies and Reading Comprehension 387
E. Brown
Section 10. CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACHES
38. Cultural Systems and Cognitive Styles 395
J. Berry
39. Culture, Cognitive Tests and Cognitive Models: 407
Pursuing Cognitive Universals by Testing Across
Cultures
S. Irvine
Section 11. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND COGNITION
40. Human Ageing and Disturbances of Memory 427
Control Processes Underlying "Intelligent"
Performance of Some Cognitive Tasks
P. Rabbitt
41. Ability Factors and the Speed of Information 441
Processing
M. Lansman
42. The Design of a Robot Mind: A Theoretical 459
Approach To Issues In Intelligence
E. Hunt
43. Cognitive Psychology and Psychometric Theory 479
A. Baddeley
Section 12. MENTAL RETARDATION AND LEARING DISABILITIES
44. A Comparison of Psychometric and Piagetian 487
Assessments of Symbolic Functioning in Down's
Syndrome Children
L. McCune-Nicolich and P. Hill
45. A Comparison of the Conservation Acquisition of 491
Mentally Retarded and Nonretarded Children
D. Field