Integration of Nature and Technology for Smart Cities

417 Pages·2016·16.815 MB·English

by  Anil Ahuja, PE, RCDD, LEED BD+C, CxA (auth.)

Anil Ahuja
Integration of
Nature and
Technology for
Smart Cities
Third Edition
Integration of Nature and Technology
for Smart Cities

Anil Ahuja
Integration of Nature
and Technology
for Smart Cities
Third Edition
Anil Ahuja , PE, RCDD, LEED BD+C, CxA
President, C.C. Johnson & Malhotra, P.C.(CCJM)
Chicago , IL , USA
ISBN 978-3-319-25713-6 ISBN 978-3-319-25715-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25715-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015960460
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 1997, 2016
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Pref ace
This is the third edition of the book Integrated M/E Design: Building Systems
Engineering published by Anil Ahuja in 1997. As you can see, the title changed; we
extended the topic and added some chapters, as an international group of authors
from the engineering, urban planning, and architecture fi elds got together to discuss
new trends and paradigms for smart buildings and smart cities.
T he original book was about building technologies and sustainable system oper-
ations. Nowadays, we integrate information and communication technologies into
buildings and call them “smart buildings.” However, our discussions resulted in the
common understanding that a smart, sustainable building is not just about the build-
ing itself. There are things happening in the inside of the building and on the out-
side. A smart building connects the inside with the outside, provides effi ciencies on
both sides, synchronizes the outside infrastructure with its inside systems, and inte-
grates nature and its occupants in its design.
The following co-authors extended the discussion on integrated building design
from the fi rst edition of this book to a discussion on integrating technologies and
nature for smart cities for this new edition: Ingrid Kaltenegger, environmental scien-
tist (Graz, Austria); Helen Santiago Fink, climate urbanist (Washington, D.C.); Peter
Mulvaney, water resource manager (Chicago, USA); Dr. Petra Stieninger, urban sus-
tainability advisor (Chicago, USA); Dr. Raj Rajaram, geotechnical and environmen-
tal engineer (Chicago, USA); and Stefan Melzer, urban planner (Vienna, Austria).
A smart building doesn’t just provide technology solutions. Smart technologies
help to facilitate the operation of the building, and they track daily activities, ana-
lyze, and evaluate the collected data. But it is not just big data for big data’s sake. It
is a people-driven design considering aspects such as impacts on human health, the
desire for the exposure to nature as well as the connection to the Internet, and the
protection of natural resources and the environment. It is about constant exchange
between the inside and the outside of the building, the contribution of the building
to the quality of the entire neighborhood and the rest of the city, how the smart
building can connect people in a sharing community, and how technology can be the
key to make it happen.
v
vi Preface
The book is divided into three parts.
• P art I is all about technologies, how they make building operations more effi -
cient, and how we can take advantage of the outside world of the building by
integrating smart technologies.
• Part II talks about the connection to nature and understanding the behavior of
people who live, work, or play in the building. It addresses the question on how
nature can be integrated in the building, how we can use natural resources in
more sustainable ways, and what infl uence the occupant’s behavior has on the
functioning of the implemented technology.
• P art III explains why we have to understand the building as a part of a larger
urban system and why its connections to its surroundings are crucial for an effi -
cient and sustainable operation of the building.
W ith this book, we provide you with an international, interdisciplinary perspec-
tive on how to integrate nature and technology in order to create smart cities.
Chicago, IL, USA Petra Stieninger
The original version of the preface was revised. An erratum can be found at
DOI 1 0.1007/978-3-319-25715-0_23
Contents
1 Smart Trends and Paradigm Shift......................................................... 1
1.1 Energy Trends of Future .................................................................. 3
1.2 Network Trends and Shifts............................................................... 3
1.3 Trends in Biophilia, Biomimicry, and Green Roofs and Streets ...... 4
1.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 4
Part I Smart Buildings and Smart Technologies
2 Building Systems Engineering ............................................................... 7
2.1 An Introduction to Building Systems Engineering .......................... 7
2.2 The Emergence of Building Systems Engineering:
Historical Perspective ...................................................................... 10
2.3 Basic Vocabulary of Building Systems ............................................ 11
3 Basic Smart Building Systems ............................................................... 17
3.1 The Lighting System ........................................................................ 18
3.1.1 Lighting Terminology and Common Defi nitions ................. 21
3.1.2 Lamps ................................................................................... 22
3.1.3 LEDs .................................................................................... 24
3.1.4 Ballasts ................................................................................. 25
3.1.5 Luminaires ........................................................................... 26
3.1.6 Lighting and Energy ............................................................ 29
3.2 Power Systems ................................................................................. 30
3.3 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems ........ 30
3.4 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems ...................................... 34
3.4.1 Overview of VRF Systems .................................................. 38
3.5 Security Systems .............................................................................. 67
3.6 Basic Fire Protection Systems (FPS) Used in Buildings ................. 67
3.6.1 Fire Alarm, Detection, and Signaling Systems .................... 68
3.7 MIE Equipment Arrangement .......................................................... 68
3.8 Building Systems Distribution Tree ................................................. 73
3.8.1 Tree Care Cost and Conservation ........................................ 78
vii
viii Contents
4 Air, Water, Power, and Internet Quality ............................................... 79
4.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Modem Buildings ............................ 79
4.1.1 Contaminants and Their Sources ......................................... 79
4.1.2 Clean Indoor Air Strategies ................................................. 85
4.1.3 IAQ and Energy Conservation ............................................. 87
4.2 Water Resources, Quality, and Building Systems ............................ 88
4.2.1 Water Reclamation ............................................................... 88
4.2.2 Water Recycling ................................................................... 90
4.2.3 Water Reuse ......................................................................... 90
4.3 Power Quality and Intelligent Buildings .......................................... 91
4.3.1 Power Impurities .................................................................. 94
4.3.2 Effects on Building Systems ................................................ 97
4.3.3 Pure Power Solutions ........................................................... 99
4.3.4 Power Quality and Load Synchronization ........................... 101
4.4 Quality of Internet ............................................................................ 101
4.4.1 Technology Paths ................................................................. 104
Suggested Reading .................................................................................... 108
5 Acoustics, Vibrations, and Integrated Building Systems .................... 109
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 109
5.2 Acoustical Environment of Buildings .............................................. 110
5.3 Noise and Acoustic Planning Issues ................................................ 111
5.4 Masking Sound ................................................................................ 113
5.5 Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................ 115
5.6 Solutions .......................................................................................... 117
5.6.1 Static Noise Control ............................................................. 118
5.6.2 Active Noise Control ........................................................... 119
5.7 Vibrations and Buildings .................................................................. 121
6 Lightning, Electrostatic Discharge, and Buildings .............................. 123
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 123
6.2 Mechanisms and Characteristics of Lightning ................................. 124
6.3 Building System Lightning Exposure and Protection ...................... 126
6.4 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): An Introduction ............................. 129
6.5 Electrostatic Charge: Charging Mechanism .................................... 130
6.6 ESD Solutions .................................................................................. 132
7 Electromagnetic Waves, Noise, and Systems Susceptibility ................ 133
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 133
7.2 Geomagnetic Fields and Buildings .................................................. 134
7.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) ............................................ 135
7.4 Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS) ................................................... 138
7.5 Electromagnetic Interference and Signal Protection ........................ 139
7.6 Grounding Systems of Buildings ..................................................... 142
7.6.1 High-Frequency Interference and Shield Grounding ........... 144
7.6.2 Ground Loops ...................................................................... 144
Contents ix
8 From Microelectronic Technology to Information Technology .......... 147
8.1 Intelligent Buildings......................................................................... 147
8.2 Intelligence Communication and Dissonance .................................. 149
8.3 Intelligence Source Objects, Quality, and Transmission ................. 150
8.4 Intelligence Availability ................................................................... 152
8.5 Optical Fibers and Intelligent Buildings .......................................... 154
9 Energy Storage ........................................................................................ 159
9.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 159
9.2 Thermal Storage ............................................................................... 160
9.2.1 Applications and Requirements ........................................... 160
9.2.2 Sensible Heat Storage .......................................................... 162
9.2.3 Water Thermal Storage ........................................................ 162
9.2.4 Latent Heat Storage.............................................................. 163
9.2.5 Ice Storage ........................................................................... 164
9.2.6 System Confi gurations ......................................................... 165
9.3 Electrochemical Storage .................................................................. 168
9.3.1 Batteries ............................................................................... 168
9.3.2 Battery Design and Types .................................................... 170
9.3.3 Fuel Cells ............................................................................. 171
9.3.4 Fuel Cell and System Effi ciency .......................................... 173
9.4 Passive Electrical Power Storage ..................................................... 174
9.4.1 Inductors .............................................................................. 174
9.4.2 Capacitors ............................................................................ 175
9.5 Active Electrical Power Storage (Solar Cells) ................................. 175
9.6 Batteries ........................................................................................... 177
10 Integrated Building Systems Engineering and Automation................ 1 79
10.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 179
10.2 Integration and Protocols ................................................................. 181
10.3 The Internet of Things ..................................................................... 184
10.4 Active Energy ................................................................................... 186
11 Atmospheric Radiation Soup and Buildings
and Internet of Things ............................................................................ 189
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 189
11.2 Basics of Radiation .......................................................................... 189
11.2.1 US Standards ........................................................................ 193
11.2.2 International Standards ........................................................ 194
11.3 Protective Role of the Atmosphere .................................................. 195
11.4 Radiation Balance ............................................................................ 196
11.5 Buildings and Radiation Albedo ...................................................... 198
11.6 Ozone Layer ..................................................................................... 199
11.7 The “Greenhouse” Effect ................................................................. 200