Integrating agro-diversity with conservation to improve livelihoods in Savannah ecosystem

131 Pages·2013·7.13 MB·English

Integrating agro-diversity with
conservation to improve livelihoods
in Savannah ecosystem
September 2013
Cover.indd 1 11/22/2013 10:53:05 AM
Copyright:© ASARECA 2013. The content of this publication maybe used with
acknowledgement to the publisher. Published and distributed by the Association for
Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) region.

Correct citation: Muchane Muchai1*, Alfeo Nikundiwe2, Bernard Ngoru5, Mary Nyawira
Muchane1, Nelson Wawire6, Agnes Mwakaje2, Charles Warui1, Donatha Tibuhwa2, Charles
Musyoki5, David Ongare7, Peter Hongo5, Charles Warui1, Rehema Kaitila4, Bruno Nyundo2,
George Amutete1, Geoffrey Mwangi1, Ayub Macharia7, Emmanuel Manyasa6, Chacha
Werema2, Cosmas Mlingo2, 5Sospeter Kiambi, James Wakibara2, Charles Mugoya3, Clet
Wandui Masiga3. (2013). Integrating Agro-diversity with Conservation to Improve Livelihood
in Savannah Ecosystem. Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and
Central Africa (ASARECA) region. August 2013.

This publication is a product of projects funded by the Agrobiodiversity and Biotechnology
Programme (AGROBIO) of the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern
and Central Africa (ASARECA) – AB/2009/02and implemented in Kenya and Tanzania under
the coordination of the National Museums of Kenya.

Partner Institutions
1National Museums of Kenya (NMK), P.O. Box 40658, 00100, Nairobi Kenya
2University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
3Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA)
Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda
4Serengeti National Park (TANAPA), P.O. Box Arusha, Tanzania
5Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), P.O. Box Nairobi, Kenya
6Kenyatta University (KU), P.O. Box Nairobi, Kenya
7National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), P.O. Box Nairobi, Kenya
*Corresponding author: Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, P.O Box 40658,
00100, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

In collaboration with Key relevant Local Stakeholders

1
Integrating Agro-diversity with Conservation to Improve
Livelihood in Savannah Ecosystem

September 2013

2
Integrating Agro-diversity with
Conservation to Improve
Livelihood in Savannah
Ecosystem

3
Table of Contents
LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................................................. 8
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
APPROACH AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY ........................................................................ 14
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2 Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................................... 20
1.2.1 Project the goal ................................................................................................................................ 20
1.2.2 Project purpose ................................................................................................................................ 20
1.2.3 Project objectives ............................................................................................................................ 20
1.2.3 Target groups and beneficiaries of our project ............................................................................ 20
1.2.4 Expected results/outputs ................................................................................................................. 21
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.1 Study area .................................................................................................................................... 22
2.2 Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.1 Land use Map .................................................................................................................................. 26
2.2.2 Sampling design: Overall strategy ................................................................................................. 26
2.2.3 Vegetation sampling ....................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.4 Invertebrates..................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.5Below Ground Biodiversity ............................................................................................................. 27
2.2.6Birds ................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.2.7Mammals ........................................................................................................................................... 28
2.2.8Social economic study ..................................................................................................................... 29
2.2.8.1 Study design ................................................................................................................................. 29
2.2.7.3 Research instruments ................................................................................................................... 29
2.2.8 Workshops ....................................................................................................................................... 30
2.2.3 Data analysis .................................................................................................................................... 30
2.3.3 Selection of BC-SLMP ..................................................................................................................... 31
3 PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 Summary of achievements ............................................................................................................ 33
3.2 Detailed key achievements and their contribution to research and development .......................... 35
4
MEETINGS AND WORKSHOPS ............................................................................................................. 35
WORKSHOP HIGHLIGHTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 36
3.2.1 RESULT 1: DEMAND DRIVEN TECHNOLOGIES (LAND USE PRACTICES) IN THE
SERENGETI –MARA REGION GENERATED .......................................................................................... 38
General.............................................................................................................................................. 41
1.2. Conducting socio-economic surveys in the ecosystem ............................................................. 60
1.3. Conducting biodiversity surveys in the ecosystem .................................................................... 64
Vegetation structure in the dry side of Maasai Mar ............................................................................... 88
1.4. Assessing nature, dynamics and impacts of human-wildlife conflicts on livelihood and
natural resources ....................................................................................................................................... 90
1.5.1 Workshops to select best bet with local communities ................................................................ 92
3.2.2 Result 2. Capacity for best bet land ............................................................................................. 100
Review of policies and legislations ....................................................................................................... 104
2.2 Sensitization and awareness creation on best bet land use to stakeholders .......................... 111
3.2.3 Result 3. Availability of information on best bet land use practices enhanced ..................... 111
3.3 Dissemination of knowledge and information on best-bet land use practices ........................ 112
4. PUBLICATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 114
Peer review scientific journals .......................................................................................................... 114
Conference papers ........................................................................................................................... 114
Technical Reports ............................................................................................................................ 115
CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 117
KEY LESSONS LEARNED ............................................................................................................................................................ 123
RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................................................................. 125
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 126
HOWARD P (2003) THE MAJOR IMPORTANCE OF ‘MINOR’ RESOURCES: WOMEN AND PLANT BIODIVERSITY.
INTERNATIONAL FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (IIED), 24PP. .................................................................... 127
Kideghesho, JR, JW Nyahongo, SN Hassan (2006) Factors and ecological impacts of wildlife
habitat destruction in the Serengeti Ecosystem in Northern Tanzania AJEAM-RAGEE 11: 917-32 127

5
LIST OF ACRONYMS

AGROBIO Agro-biodiversity and Biotechnology Programme, ASARECA
ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa
BASE Best-bet Agro-diversity in Savanna Ecosystem project
CBD Convention of Biological Diversity
CGS Competitive Grant System of ASARECA
ECA Eastern and Central Africa
GIS Global Information System
KWS Kenya Wildlife Service
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MMNR Maasai Mara National Reserve
NARIs National Agricultural Research Institutes
NARO National Agricultural Research Organization
NARS National Agricultural Research Systems
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
NGO Non Governmental Agency
NMK National Museums of Kenya
NRM Natural Resources Management
SME Serengeti Mara Ecosystem
SNP Serengeti National Park
TANAPA Tanzania National Parks
UNEP United Nations Environmental Protection

6
Plate 1: The study team and stakeholders.

Plate 2: The study team

7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The study was supported by grants from the Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) of the World
Bank through of the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central
Africa (ASARECA). We thank staff of University of Dar-es-salaam, Kenyatta University, Kenya
Wildlife Service, National Museums of Kenya, National Environment Management Authority,
Serengeti National Park, and Maasai Mara National Reserve for assistance to the project. In
particular we thank Mr. James Sendeiyo (senior warden Maasai Mara), Mr. Brian Heath
(Director Mara Triangle Conservancy), and Mr. Justin Hando (Chief Park Warden Serengeti).
We are indebted to Dr. Idle Farah for technical support. The project was managed by Dr.
Charles Mugoya and Mr. Clet Wandui Masiga of Agrobiodiversity and Biotechnology
Programme of ASARECA. The Maasai Mara National Reserve, the Mara Triangle Conservancy,
the Serengeti National Park, farmers and the Maasai community, and landowners adjacent to
Mara and Serengeti provided us unlimited research access to their properties and have
provided the platform for this research.

8
DEDICATION

The book is dedicated to the local community pastoralist and farmers in Serengeti Mara
Savannah Ecosystem in East and Central Africa region whose demands to integrate
productivity with beneficial conservation of agro-ecosystems for socio-economic benefits and
environmental services (simultaneously taking care of multiple needs— income, food,
conservation, and improved natural resource management) necessitated this work. While
responding to their aspirations and priorities, we were able to identify and deliver knowledge
designed to increase the awareness and understanding among key stakeholders of the
opportunities available for products based on natural resources and best-bet sustainable land
management practices and NRM innovations options that will ensure enhancement of natural
resources base, agro-biodiversity, land productivity, ecosystem integrity of the savanna
ecosystems and sustainable utilization of common pool resources for improved livelihood and
well-being of the local communities in savannah ecosystems.

9