Integrated Buildings: The Systems Basis of Architecture

495 Pages·2002·9.69 MB·English

by  Leonard R. Bachman

Integrated Buildings
THE SYSTEMS BASIS OF ARCHITECTURE
L R. B
EONARD ACHMAN
JOHN WILEY & SONS,INC.

Integrated Buildings

Integrated Buildings
THE SYSTEMS BASIS OF ARCHITECTURE
L R. B
EONARD ACHMAN
JOHN WILEY & SONS,INC.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.o
Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons,Inc.All rights reserved.
Photographs by Leonard R.Bachman unless otherwise noted.
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Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Bachman,Leonard R.
Integrated buildings:the systems basis ofarchitecture / Leonard R.Bachman
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-471-38827-0
1.Architecture and technology. 2.Architectural design—Case studies.
3.Architectural engineering. I.Title
NA2543.T43 B33 2003
729—dc21 2002015346
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
PART I: METHODS 1
Chapter 1: The Idea of Integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hardware: integration among building systems; software: integration in the design
process; philosophical digression: integration and the progress of technology; frame-
work ofdiscussion.
Chapter 2: The Systems Basis of Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Systems thinking;architectural systems;developments in systems architecture:precepts
and trends.
Chapter 3: Integrated Building Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Modes of integration:physical,visual,and performance;integrated systems:envelope,
structural,mechanical,interior,and site;integration potentials.
Chapter 4: The Architecture of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The example of the Pacific Museum of Flight; program: client, code, and other con-
straints;intention:architectural ambition;critical technical issues:inherent,contextual,
and intentional;the use ofprecedent;appropriate systems:structure,envelope,mechan-
ical,interior,and site;beneficial integrations.
PART II: CASE STUDIES 79
Building database; timeline. 80
Chapter 5: Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Typology overview; Richards Medical Research Building; Salk Institute for Biological
Studies;Schlumberger Research Laboratory;PA Technology Laboratory;Wallace Earth
Sciences Laboratory.
Chapter 6: Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Typology overview; John Deere Headquarters; Willis Faber Dumas Insurance
Headquarters;BriarcliffHouse;Lockheed Building 157.
v
vi
CONTENTS
Chapter 7: Airport Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Typology overview; Dulles International; Stansted International; United Airlines
Terminal at O’Hare;Kansai International.
Chapter 8: Pavilions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Typology overview; Munich Olympic Stadium; Insitut du Monde Arabe; Linz Design
Center;British Pavilion,Expo 92.
Chapter 9: Residential Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Typology overview;The Eames House and Studio;Magney House;Experimental House
at Almere;Two-Family House at Pullach.
Chapter 10: High Tech Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Typology overview; Centre Georges Pompidou; Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts;
Lloyd’s ofLondon;Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank.
Chapter 11: Green Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Typology overview; The Gregory Bateson Building; NMB Bank; Emerald People’s
Utility District Headquarters;Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies.
Bibliography 455
Index 475
Preface
The idea for this book originated at the University of pull dynamic. Integration is specifically concerned with
Houston,Gerald D.Hines College ofArchitecture.Our that aspect ofarchitecture in which technology constantly
technology faculty met in the spring of 1986 to discuss pushes design possibilities expansively while design assim-
course revisions and curriculum coordination.The press- ilation continuously pulls them inward toward a final
ing needs we saw at that time were twofold. First, our solution.As part of the design process,integration activi-
research methods class needed to be reconfigured.Second, ty follows a path paved by the architect’s philosophy of
we wanted to provide more opportunities for students to appropriate judgment.Technical requirements restrict the
assimilate technology course topics in the studio setting. subjective freedom of such judgments and set up a series
We settled on a new textbook, The Building Systems ofintegration challenges for the architect to solve.There is
Integration Handbook (Rush,et al.,1986),as the solution nothing new about “integration”per se.It is not a stylistic
to both problems. or comprehensive design approach,and the discussions in
The course remains a capstone technology class in the this book are not a critique of present practice or a new
college today.It is a case study seminar class of about 25 historical perspective. Integration is, however, an emer-
upper-level undergraduate students and a few graduates gent and increasingly critical focus ofarchitectural design.
who take the class as an elective. Anatomical studies are This book is about that emergence and focus.
made of the systems used in landmark buildings as if we
First,the medium of architecture must be re-examined
were in a biology laboratory. Students ponder over the
if the increased scope of our architecture as well as the
component systems,deduce how the design and the tech-
complexity of its goals [are] to be expressed.Simplified
nology came to fit, and propose how that fit enables the
or superficially complex forms will not work....Second,
design’s architectural success.David Thaddeus,our struc-
the growing complexities of our functional problems
tures curriculum leader, later joined the faculty at the
must be acknowledged.”
University of North Carolina at Charlotte and initiated a
similar course there. Meanwhile, a growing number of RobertVenturi,ComplexityandContradictioninArchitecture
(1966,p.19).
integration courses are offered at architecture schools
around the world. Focus on integration as a discipline arises from the
The inclusion of integrated systems design in our sudden injection and rapid advancement oftechnical sys-
increasingly complex and technically sophisticated archi- tems since the Second World War. Change has since
tecture seems like an obvious idea.It seems so obvious,in occurred at a revolutionary pace, far outstripping the
fact,that the counter-position ofseeing integration as “just advances ofdesign accommodation and the technical edu-
another word for design”is worth pondering.Isn’t archi- cation of architects.And revolutionary change has never
tecture already among the most inclusive ofall disciplines? been the mode of mainstream architectural thinking.
Are architects not truly the “last ofthe Renaissance profes- Creative risk taking for architects is usually confined to
sionsals”? What is so new about integration that distin- elements of style,formal expression,and contextual rele-
guishes it from what architects have always done? vance.Experimental building systems are seldom selected
The answer to these questions requires preliminary over proven ones (except for world’s fair pavilions,where
inquiry.First,“What is integration?”and “How do archi- dramatic and usually temporary solutions are expected).
tects manage it?” The answers are illustrated by a push- An example ofrisk-taking failure might be the early short-
vii