Instrumentation: Transducers and Interfacing

164 Pages·1991·5.126 MB·English

by  B. R. Bannister, D. G. Whitehead (auth.)

Instrumentation
TUTORIAL GUIDES IN ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Series editors
Professor G.G. Bloodworth, University of York
Professor A.P. Dorey, University of Lancaster
Professor J.K. Fidler, University of York
This series is aimed at first- and second-year undergraduate courses. Each
text is complete in itself, although linked with others in the series. Where
possible, the trend towards a 'systems' approach is acknowledged, but
classical fundamental areas of study have not been excluded. Worked
examples feature prominently and indicate, where appropriate, a number of
approaches to the same problem.
A format providing marginal notes has been adopted to allow the authors
to include ideas and material to support the main text. These notes include
references to standard mainstream texts and commentary on the applicability
of solution methods, aimed particularly at covering points normally found
difficult. Graded problems are provided at the end of each chapter, with
answers at the end of the book.
1 Transistor Circuit Techniques: discrete and integrated (2nd edition)
G.J. Ritchie
2 Feedback Circuits and Op Amps (2nd edition) - D.H. Horrocks
3 Pascal for Electronic Engineers (2nd edition) - J. Attikiouzel
4 Computers and Microprocessors: components and systems (2nd edition) -
A.C. Downton
5 Telecommunication Principles (2nd edition) - J.J. O'Reilly
6 Digital Logic Techniques: principles and practice (2nd edition) -
T.J. Stonham
7 Instrumentation: Transducers and Interfacing (new edition) - B.R. Bann
ister and D. G. Whitehead
8 Signals and Systems: models and behaviour - M.L. Meade and C.R. Dil
lon
9 Basic Electromagnetism and its Applications - A.J. Compton
10 Electromagnetism for Electronic Engineers - R.G. Carter
11 Power Electronics - D.A. Bradley
12 Semiconductor Devices: how they work - J.J. Sparkes
13 Electronic Components and Technology: engineering applications -
S.J. Sangwine
14 Optoelectronics - J. Watson
15 Control Engineering - C. Bissell
16 Basic Mathematics for Electronic Engineers: models and applications -
Szymanski
17 Software Engineering - D. Ince
18 Integrated Circuit Design and Technology - M.J. Morant
Instrumentation:
Transducers and
Interfacing
New edition
B.R. Bannister and D.G. Whitehead
Department of Electronic Engineering
University of Hull
CHAPMAN AND HALL
University and Professional
LONDON-NEW YORK-TOKYO-MELBOURNE-MADRAS
UK Chapman and Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE18HN
USA Van Nostrand Reinhold, 115 5th Avenue, New York NY10003
JAPAN Chapman and Hall Japan, Thomson Publishing Japan,
Hirakawacho Nemoto Building, 7F, 1-7-11 Hirakawa-cho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
AUSTRALIA Chapman and Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia,
480 La Trobe Street, PO Box 4725, Melbourne 3000
INDIA Chapman and Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road,
CIT East, Madras 600 035
First edition 1986, first published as Transducers and Interfacing
- principles and techniques
New edition 1991
© 1991 B.R. Bannister and D.O. Whitehead
Typeset in 1O/12pt Times by KEYTEC, Bridport, Dorset
ISBN -13: 978-0-412-34240-0 e-ISBN -13: 978-94-009-0413-2
001: 10.1007/978-3-94-009-0413-2
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the
written permission of the copyright holder and the publisher,
application for which shall be made to the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Bannister, B. R. (Brian Roy) 1936-
Instrumentation: transducers and interfacing.
1. Electronic equipment. Transducers
I. Title II. Whitehead, D. O. (Donald Oill) 1937-III.
Series
621.381532
ISBN -13: 978-0-412-34240-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
available
Contents
Preface to first edition vii
Preface to new edition ix
1 Principles of transduction 1
Underlying physical principles of transducers 6
Silicon technology 18
Summary 18
Review questions 18
Further reading 18
Problems 19
2 Sensors, actuators and displays 20
Mechanical sensing 21
The synchro 30
Temperature sensing 35
Radiation detection transducers 41
Optical sensors 42
Sonic transducers 44
Nuclear radiation detectors 44
Chemical activity 44
Actuators, stepper motors and displays 46
Summary 57
Review questions 57
Further reading 58
Problems 58
3 Analogue processing of signals 59
Introduction 59
The ideal operational amplifier 60
The practical operational amplifier 66
Chopper stabilization 69
Modulation 76
The analogue multiplexer or scanner 79
Summary 80
Review questions 81
Further reading 81
Problems 81
4 Signal convertion 82
The digital-to-analogue converter 82
The analogue-to-digital converter 86
Sample-and-hold circuits 91
Voltage-to-frequency conversion 93
Synchro-to-digital conversion 94
The phase lock loop 97
Summary 100
Review questions 100
Further reading 100
Problems 100
5 Digital processing of signals 102
Filtering in the digital domain 102
Sampling 104
Quantization 105
Signal averaging 108
Linerarization of sensor response 108
Digital processing circuits 109
The digital signal processor 116
Summary 118
Review questions 119
Further reading 119
6 Interfacing 121
Digital circuitry 121
Specialized interfacing chips 125
Transfers of data over greater distances 135
Interfacing standards 141
Summary 148
Review questions 148
Further reading 148
Appendix A 150
Solutions to problems 151
Index 152
Preface to first edition
It is true that transducer operation and interfacing can be defined as
peripheral activities in the sense that they form the links between the purely
electronic system, or circuit, and the external world. It is unfortunately true
that many engineers also tend to consider these areas as peripheral to the
main body of systems design, whereas, in fact, they play an increasingly
central part in any engineering activity.
It is our intention in this book to introduce the reader to the basic
techniques involved when electronic systems are to interact with the 'real
world'. Interaction here covers the entire range from the collection of data
using sensing transducers, through the transmission of the data and its
conversion to other more convenient forms, and, finally, to the control of
output transducers (actuators) and the display of information.
The successful application of electronics to measurement and control
necessitates an appreciation both of transducer operation and of methods of
ensuring their correct functioning in particular circumstances. This book
covers both aspects - transducers and interfacing - and, though intended
primarily for students at first or second year level of degree or diploma
courses in electrical and electronic engineering, it will also be found useful by
students in many related fields of engineering and science. Wherever possible,
practical d!!tails and examples based on modem devices are included.
The first two chapters are concerned with the tranducers themselves; basic
principles, performance criteria and limitations are introduced in Chapter 1,
and more practical applications are considered in Chapter 2. The next two
chapters deal with the processing of the signals produced by the transducers;
Chapter 3 discusses the operational amplifier in detail and describes the more
specialized types of circuit used in instrumentation amplifiers. Amplitude and
frequency modulation techniques and the analogue scanner are also included.
Although most transducers are analogue in nature, the means of processing
information nowadays is almost always digital, and Chapter 4 is therefore
devoted to analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue conversion methods.
The general principles of the most popular types of converter are explained,
and important parameters defined. Sample-and-hold devices and voltage-to
frequency converters are also considered in this chapter. The fifth and final
chapter is concerned with interfacing devices and sub-systems, both analogue
and digital, and methods of dealing with the problems that are likely to be
encountered, especially those involving electrical noise. The interfacing
methods used in microprocessor-based systems are reviewed, and common
international standards for data logger and telemetry systems are introduced.
In our attempt to combine a thorough treatment with a broad perspective
in a subject area as loosely defined as this, it has been invaluable to have had
the assistance and advice of the series editors throughout the preparation of
the book. Our particular thanks go to Professor Kel Fidler, of the Open
University, for his tactful suggestions and corrections and ensuring that we
did not stray too far from our original intentions.
Preface to new edition
It is true that transducer operation and interfacing can be defined as
peripheral activities in the sense that they form the links between the purely
electronic system, or circuit, and the external world. It is unfortunately true
that many engineers also tend to consider these areas as peripheral to the
main body of systems design, whereas in fact they form an increasingly
important part of any engineering activity.
This book provides an introduction to the basic techniques involved in
modem instrumentation, in which electronic systems interact with the 'real
world' . Interaction here covers the entire range of activities from the
collection of data using sensing transducers, through the transmission of the
data and its conversion to other more convenient forms, and finally, to the
control of output transducers (actuators) and the display of information.
The successful application of electronics to instrumentation systems neces
sitates an appreciation both of transducer operation and of methods of
ensuring their correct functioning in particular circumstances. This book
covers both aspects - transducers and interfacing - and, though intended
primarily for students at first or second year level of degree or diploma
courses in electrical and electronic engineering, it will also be found useful by
students in many related fields of engineering and science. In preparing this
new and enlarged edition we have retained the approach adopted in the
original edition, including wherever possible practical details and examples
based on modem devices.
The first two chapters are concerned with the transducers themselves; basic
principles, performance criteria and limitation are introduced in Chapter 1,
and more practical applications are considered in Chapter 2. The next 3
chapters deal with the processing of the signals produced by the transducers;
Chapter 3 discusses the operational amplifier in detail and describes the more
specialized types of circuit used in instrumentation amplifiers. Amplitude and
frequency modulation techniques and the analogue scanner are also included.
Whilst the majority of transducers are analogue in nature, the means of
processing information at present is almost always digital, and Chapter 4 is
thus devoted to analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue conversion
methods. The general principles of the most popular types of converter are
explained, and important parameters defined. Sample-and-hold devices and
voltage-to-frequency converters are also considered in this chapter. The fifth
chapter is entirely new and introduces the principles which form the basis of
the processing of signals in the digital domain. The sixth and final chapter is
concerned with interfacing devices and sub-systems, both analogue and
digital, and methods of dealing with the problems which are likely to be
encountered. The interfacing methods used in microprocessor-based systems
are reviewed and common international standards for data logger and
telemetry systems are introduced.
In our attempt to combine a thorough treatment with a broad perspective
in a subject area as large as this, it has been invaluable to have had the
assistance and advice of the series editors throughout the preparation of this
new edition. Out particular thanks go to Professor Kel Fidler and Professor
Greville Bloodworth, both of York University, for their tactful suggestions
and corrections and ensuring that we did not stray too far from our original
intentions.