Insecticides Basic and Other Applications

278 Pages·2012·7.492 MB·English

by  Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy

INSECTICIDES – BASIC AND 
OTHER AP  PLICATIONS  
Edited by Sonia Soloneski    
and Marcelo  Larramend y
INSECTICIDES – BASIC AND 
OTHER APPLICATIONS 

Edited by Sonia Soloneski and  
Marcelo Larramendy
Insecticides – Basic and Other Applications
Edited by Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Insecticides – Basic and Other Applications,
Edited by Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0007-2

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Basic and Alternative Control of Insect Pests 1
Chapter 1 Insecticide Thiamethoxam:
A Bioactive Action on Carrot Seeds (Daucus carota L.) 3
Andréia da Silva Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela,
Maria Ângela André Tillmann and Geri Eduardo Meneghello
Chapter 2 The Pyrethroid Knockdown Resistance 17
Ademir Jesus Martins and Denise Valle
Chapter 3 Photoremediation of Carbamate Residues in Water 39
Anđelka V. Tomašević and Slavica M. Gašić
Chapter 4 Tree Injection as an Alternative
Method of Insecticide Application 61
Joseph J. Doccola and Peter M. Wild
Chapter 5 Development of a Prophylactic Butyrylcholinesterase
Bioscavenger to Protect Against Insecticide
Toxicity Using a Homologous Macaque Model 79
Yvonne Rosenberg, Xiaoming Jiang, Lingjun Mao,
Segundo Hernandez Abanto, Keunmyoung Lee
Chapter 6 Adverse Effect of Insecticides
on Various Aspects of Fish’s Biology and Physiology 101
Mahdi Banaee
Chapter 7 Production of Insecticidal Baculoviruses in Insect Cell
Cultures: Potential and Limitations 127
Juan D. Claus, Verónica V. Gioria,
Gabriela A. Micheloud and Gabriel Visnovsky
Chapter 8 Factors Affecting Performance of Soil Termiticides 153
Beverly A. Wiltz
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Alternatives to Chemical Control of Insect Pests 171
Eric J. Rebek, Steven D. Frank, Tom A. Royer and Carlos E. Bográn
Part 2 Further Applications 197
Chapter 10 Proteomic Profiling of Escherichia coli
in Response to Carbamate Pesticide - Methomyl 199
Amritha G. Kulkarni and B. B. Kaliwal
Chapter 11 Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin E on Sensorimotor
and Cognitive Changes Induced
by Chronic Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Wistar Rats 207
Suleiman F. Ambali, Joseph O. Ayo, Muftau Shittu,
Mohammed U. Kawu and Suleiman O. Salami
Chapter 12 Non-Chemical Disinfestation of Food and
Agricultural Commodities with Radiofrequency Power 233
Manuel C. Lagunas-Solar
Chapter 13 Zero-Inflated Regression Methods for Insecticides 259
Abdullah Yeşilova, M. Salih Özgökçe and Yılmaz Kaya

Preface

Following Herbicides, Theory and Applications (InTech, 2011), this new addition aims to 
shed more light on matters of scientific interest in pesticide and crop management.  
Insects have played a role in shaping the history of mankind since the dawn of time. 
Reference to them can be found in ancient books, for example in three (or four) of the 
ten plagues of Egypt, to persuade Pharaoh to release the people of Israel from slavery. 
The purpose of pest control is to be able to produce more and better quality food as 
well as decrease costs. Traditional undernourished nations now export foodstuffs, but 
also suffer from the epidemics of obesity and diabetes among others. The benefits of 
insecticides speak for themselves. The pitfalls and dangers of their excessive use to 
animal and human health, as well as the environment, do not.  
We cannot disregard the interplay that exists between science, national governments, 
international agencies and economy, to name but a few. While many agents have very 
strict or forbidden indications of use in many countries, the truth is that these criteria 
are not seriously enforced or, even worse, are simply disregarded in some. A growing 
trend is for countries to rent their lands for cultivation to others that are less favored 
by geographical conditions and who have an urgent need to feed those populations. 
These ”host” countries are usually in need of cash and, in some cases, without rule of 
law.  
Standardization  of  agricultural  practices  is  another  matter  that  should  not   be  
disregarded in the overall equation. There is a general aversion to rely less on the old 
farmer’s eye and apply the same rule(s), whether they are appropriate or not. It has 
been  estimated  that  an  apple  tree  receives  no  less  than  26  “treatments”.  While 
minimum levels of insecticides are set, the equation sometimes does not consider the 
overall sum of those minimum values, which reaches alarming proportions in some 
cases. 
Scientists have the right and obligation to raise their voice and air concerns about 
double standards. Active principles that are forbidden to be used in most European 
and  North  American  countries  are  still  being  produced  for  sale  in  far  away 
destinations. In other cases, local production is achieved by means of subsidiaries, sale 
of licenses and local reformulations. Two of the BRIC countries are the main world
X Preface

producers of agrochemicals today. There are many reasons for this, and the list would 
be too extensive and not inclusive but, among other things, we have to consider the 
means governments have at their disposal to sanction proper legislation, enforce bans, 
lobbying  groups,  struggle  against  smuggling  or  parallel  import,  higher  cost  of 
alternatives, attractiveness to foreign investments and the price these commodities 
reach in international markets. As a director of corporate communications of one of the 
largest agrochemical companies once mentioned in an interview, “his company does 
not have to guarantee the safety of biotech food (goes without saying that other 
products by this conglomerate fall into this category by default). Assuring safety is 
FDA´s job”(Food and Drug Administration of USA). Companies change names and 
use green colored logos with plants or flowers to convey an image that cannot be 
further from the truth. 
Few people do not recognize that this is actually a boomerang. A large portion of these 
crops will be shipped to far away destinations, thus finding a way (directly or 
indirectly)  to  the  consumer’s  tables  or  to  be  used  as  animal  feed.  The  ”green 
credentials” of foodstuffs and their packaging are another misleading factor. Several 
international food crises that have taken place in the last decades have demonstrated 
this. Usually, appropriate measures are taken after a serious incident has taken place 
but, in general terms, too late for the victims involved. Scientists should also bear 
responsibilities vis à vis consumers and not only governments and companies in order 
to avoid repeating the mistakes from the past. Not only human beings, but also 
biomes, land and riparian organisms (fauna and flora) have to be considered. We all 
share one land, one air; political or legal borders are totally meaningless in this 
question. 
It is our hope that this book will be of interest and use not only to scientists, but also to 
the food‐producing industry, governments, politicians and consumers as well. If we 
are able to stimulate this interest, albeit in a small way, we have achieved our goal. 

Dr Guillermo Eli Liwszyc, 
Physician, Specialist in Internal Medicine,  
former Guest Scientist at the University of Helsinki,  
Finland