Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems: Physical Principles and Crystal Engineering PDF
Preview Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems: Physical Principles and Crystal Engineering
Particle Acceleration and Detection Paul Lecoq Alexander Gektin Mikhail Korzhik Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems Physical Principles and Crystal Engineering Second Edition Particle Acceleration and Detection Series Editors Alexander Chao SLAC Menlo Park, CA USA Frank Zimmermann CERN SL-Division AP Group Gene`ve Switzerland Katsunobu Oide KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Org. Berlin Germany Werner Riegler CERN Gene`ve Switzerland Vladimir Shiltsev Fermi National Accelerator Lab Accelerator Physics Center Batavia, IL USA The series Particle Acceleration and Detection is devoted to monograph texts dealing with all aspects of particle acceleration and detection research and advanced teaching. The scope also includes topics such as beam physics and instrumentation as well as applications. Presentations should strongly emphasise the underlying physical and engineering sciences. Of particular interest are (cid:129) contributions which relate fundamental research to new applications beyond the immeadiate realm of the original field of research (cid:129) contributions which connect fundamental research in the aforementionned fields to fundamental research in related physical or engineering sciences (cid:129) conciseaccountsofnewlyemergingimportanttopicsthatareembeddedina broaderframeworkinordertoprovidequickbutreadableaccessofverynew material to a larger audience. Thebooksformingthiscollectionwillbeofimportanceforgraduatestudentsand active researchers alike. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5267 Paul Lecoq (cid:129) Alexander Gektin (cid:129) Mikhail Korzhik Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems Physical Principles and Crystal Engineering Second Edition PaulLecoq AlexanderGektin CERN InstituteforScintillationMaterials Geneva,Switzerland NationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine Kharkov,Ukraine MikhailKorzhik ResearchInstituteforNuclearProblems BelarusianStateUniversity Minsk,Belarus ISSN1611-1052 ParticleAccelerationandDetection ISBN978-3-319-45521-1 ISBN978-3-319-45522-8 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-45522-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016954919 1stedition:©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface to the First Edition The last two decades have seen a spectacular increase of interest for inorganic scintillators. This has been to a large part a consequence of the visibility given to thisfieldbyseverallargecrystal-baseddetectorsinparticlephysics.Toanswerthe very challenging requirements for these experiments (huge data rates, linearity of response over a large dynamic range, harsh radiation environment, impressive crystal quantities to be produced in a short time period and at an affordable cost, etc..), an effort of coordination was needed. Several groups of experts working in different aspects of material science have combined their efforts in international and multidisciplinary collaborations to better understand the fundamental mecha- nismsunderlyingthescintillationprocessanditsefficiency.Similarly,thestability of the scintillation properties and the role of color centers have been extensively studiedtodevelopradiationhardscintillators.Dedicatedconferencesoninorganic scintillators have seen an increasing participation from different communities of users outside the domain of high-energy physics. This includes nuclear physics, astrophysics, security systems, industrial applications, and medical imaging. This lastdomaininparticularisgrowingveryfastsinceafewyearsatthepointthatthe volume of scintillating crystals to be produced for positron emission tomography (PET)isgoingtoexceedtheoneforhigh-energyphysics.Asmoreandmorecrystal producers are also attending these conferences, a very fruitful synergy was pro- gressively built up among scientific experts, technologists, and end users. This aspect of a multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to help people design and builddetectorsofever-increasingperformancethroughthechoice,optimization,or developmentofthebestscintillatorandathoroughinvestigationofthetechnologies toproducethecrystalsofthehighestquality. The idea for this book was born during one of the conferences of the SCINT cycle (eight conferences since the first one in Chamonix, France, in September 1992). It appears that the progress in understanding scintillation process and in material sciences in general opens new ways to answer the challenging require- ments of an increasing number of customers. Whereas until recently the only possibility was to scan scintillator databases to select, among the few which are v vi PrefacetotheFirstEdition available,theonehavingreasonableproperties,veryoftenatthepriceofimportant compromises, the dream of engineering scintillators closely matching the user’s requirements is becoming every day more realistic. This is why we have deliber- ately taken the end user’s viewpoint. This book does not follow an academic scenario,startingfromtheoreticalconsiderations,describingthedifferentscintilla- tion mechanisms in a didactic way, and concluding with a few examples. Several authorshavealreadypublishedexcellentmonographsofthatsort.Wehavechosen instead a more pragmatic approach trying to answer practical problems and insistingonlimitingfactorswhicharenotonlyoftheoreticalnaturebutalsorelated totechnologicaldifficulties,productionyield,andcost. Thisbookisthereforeapracticalguideforpeople,scientists,andengineerswho intendtodevelopadetectorusinginorganicscintillatorsforbasicresearch,medical imaging,orindustrialapplications.Itwillalsointereststudentsandteacherstoget anoverallpictureofafield inrapidexpansion.Itsmultidisciplinaryapproachisa goodillustrationofhowmodernchallengesaremet.Itdoesnotaddressorganicand liquidscintillators. The introduction defines the vocabulary and describes the different classes of scintillators. Definitions of luminescence, scintillation, and phosphorescence are given.Themainparametersofinterestforscintillatingmaterialsaredescribedwith ashortandcomprehensivedefinitionforeachofthem. Thefollowingchapterreviewstheuser’srequirementsforthedifferentapplica- tions.Startingfromtheproblemtobesolvedindomainsasdifferentasfundamental physics, medical imaging, security systems, oil well logging, and other industrial applications,itexplainshowtheserequirementsinfluencethedevelopmentofnew scintillators. The chapter on scintillationmechanism ininorganic scintillators is treated ina practicalway.Thepointistoshowhowtoanswerhighlightyield,shortdecaytime, good energy resolution, etc. as requested by the users. The fundamental mecha- nismsareofcourseexplained,butaparticularemphasisisputonthedescriptionof factorslimitingtheseperformancesingood-qualitycrystals. In the next section, the influence of crystal defects and their role in the degra- dationofthescintillatorperformanceisthoroughlystudied.Inparticular,problems ofnonlinearityofthescintillatorresponseandradiationdamagearediscussed. Atthisstage,itisimportanttoaddresstheproblemsofcrystalengineering.This is the subject of the next chapter where the reader will get familiar with the most frequentlyused technologies ofcrystalgrowthandtheir limitations. Themechan- ical processing and different methods to optimize the light collection are also discussedinthispart. Finally, two examples of recently developed scintillators are given as an illus- trationoftheapproachproposedinthisbook.Thefirstonedescribesthehugeeffort on lead tungstate (PWO) for the largest electromagnetic calorimeter ever built in high-energy physics. The second one concerns the development of the lutetium aluminumperovskite(LuAP)formedicalimagingdevices. PrefacetotheFirstEdition vii The authors hope through their work to contribute to the development of this veryactivedomainofmaterialsciences,tohelpthepeopleinterestedintheuseof inorganicscintillators,andtopromoteeducationinthisfield. Acknowledgments Theauthorsexpresstheirwarmthankstoalltheircolleagueswhocontributedalot withtheirresearchtothedevelopmentofnewscintillationmaterials.Specialthanks go to the members of the Crystal Clear Collaboration, the CMS Collaboration at CERN, the CERN management, the ISTC Foundation, and the different National Science Funding Agencies for their support to this research. We are also very grateful to Dr. S. Sytova for her efficient technical support for assembling the book. Finally the authors express their gratitude to Dr. A. Fedorov, Dr. O. Missevitch, Dr. A. Hofstaetter, Dr. R. Novotny, Dr. M. Kirm, Dr. P. Dorenbos, Dr. A. Belsky, Prof. A. Vasil’ev, and Prof. V. Mikhailin for collaborativeresearchandfruitfuldiscussionsatthepreparationofthisbook. August2005 PaulLecoq Preface to the Second Edition Sincethepublicationofthefirsteditionofthebookin2006,animpressiveprogress has been made in fundamental understanding, engineering, and applications of inorganic scintillators. The discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN where the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using 100 t of lead tungstate crystals played a majorrolewasalsoanillustrativeexampleofthepotentialofscintillationcrystals for precision measurements. With the development of a new generation of halide and garnet scintillators, it became clear that we have entered an era where engi- neeringofnewscintillatorswithspecifiedpropertiesbecomespossible. This has been made possible by decisive progress in theory and modeling of scintillationphenomena.Inrecentyears,astrongefforthasbeenmadeindifferent directions and in particular to understand the mechanisms responsible for the scintillators’ nonprorportionality at the registration of low-energy γ-quanta, to evaluate the ability for fast timing at the picosecond level with different scintilla- tors,andtodelineatethedamageeffectsinscintillationmaterialsunderhigh-energy chargedhadrons. The progress made in this field has promoted a spectacular spread of the scintillation-based methods inthe detection ofionizing radiations. So three of the authorshavethereforedecidedtowriteasecondeditionofthebook,inwhichwe have made an attempt to complete the first edition with a review of the achieve- mentsmadeduringthelastdecade. Followingthespiritofthefirstedition,thisbookhasbeenwritteninsuchaway as to satisfy primarily the needs of the end users. We tried to address practical problemsandhighlightthenewdemandsandthelimitingfactorsrelatednotonlyto theoreticalconsiderationsbutalsototechnologicaldifficulties,suchasproduction yieldandcost. This book is addressed to scientists and engineers who intend to develop detectors using inorganic scintillators for basic research, medical imaging, or industrialapplications.Itwillalsobeofinteresttostudentsandteachers,allowing themtocatchanoverallpictureofarapidlydevelopingfield.Itsmultidisciplinary ix x PrefacetotheSecondEdition approach is a good illustration of how modern challenges are met. It does not addressorganicandliquidscintillators. In the second edition we updated all chapters. Chapter 9, dedicated to several examples of the latest developments, was written anew, and two new chapters, Chaps.3and7havebeenadded. Chapter 3 discusses the new developments opening prospects for fast timing withinorganicscintillationmaterials. In Chap. 7, we describe the origin of the damage in crystalline scintillation materialsunderhigh-energyprotonirradiation.Thelimitsofapplicationofscintil- lationmaterialsatcolliderexperimentsarealsodiscussed. ThisbookisdedicatedtothememoryofthelateProf.VitalyMikhailin,whowas amentorformanyofus. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their warm thanks to all their colleagues who contributed a lot with their research to the development of new scintillation materials.SpecialthanksaregotothemembersoftheCrystalClearCollaboration, the CMS Collaboration at CERN, the CERN management, and the different National Science Funding Agencies for their support of this research. We are thankful to the Horizon 2020 MSC RISE INTELUM project supporting mobility ofourcolleaguestomakejointresearchatdifferentplacesworldwide.Wearealso verygratefultoDr.S.SytovaandV.Mazurovafortheirefficienttechnicalsupport forassemblingthebook.Finally,theauthorswouldliketoexpresstheirgratitudeto Dr. E. Auffray, Dr. E. Bourrett-Courchesne, Dr. N. Cherepy, Prof. P. Dorenbos, Dr. A. Fedorov, Dr. R. Novotny, Dr. N. Shiran, Prof. G. Tamulaitis, Prof. A. Vasil’ev, Dr. M. Vasiliev, and Prof. A. Yoshikava for collaborative research andfruitfuldiscussionsduringthepreparationofthisbook.
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