Innovative earthquake soil dynamics

507 Pages·2017·23.457 MB·English

by  Takaji Kokusho

Innovative Earthquake Soil Dynamics

Innovative Earthquake Soil Dynamics
Takaji Kokusho
Covercredentials:
1995KobeEQ|1999Chi-ChiEQ|2008Iwate-NiyagiInlandEQ
1995KobeEQ|1999KocaeliEQ|2011TohokuEQ
1995KobeEQ|2004NiigatakenChuetsuEQ|2011TohokuEQ
2011TohokuEQ|2016KumamotoEQ|2016KumamotoEQ
CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2017Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontained
hereinmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingor
otherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfromthepublishers.
Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublication
andtheinformationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnor
theauthorforanydamagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperation
oruseofthispublicationand/ortheinformationcontainedherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Appliedfor
Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema
Schipholweg107C,2316XCLeiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN:978-1-138-02902-6(Hbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-64505-6(eBook)
Dedications
To my late parents
&
To my wife Noriko.

Table of contents
Acknowledgments xv
Preface xvii
Abouttheauthor xix
Nomenclature xxi
Introductionofthebook xxv
1 Elastic wave propagation in soil 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 One-dimensionalwavepropagationandwaveenergy 4
1.2.1 One-dimensionalpropagationofSHandP-waves 4
1.2.2 Basicformulationofwavepropagation 7
1.2.3 Basicformulationofwaveenergy 8
1.3 Three-dimensionalbodywaves 10
1.4 Surfacewaves 13
1.4.1 Rayleighwave 14
1.4.1.1 Generalformulation 14
1.4.1.2 Uniformsemi-infinitelayer 22
1.4.1.3 Two-layersystem 24
1.4.2 Lovewave 26
1.5 Viscoelasticmodelandsoildampingforwavepropagation 29
1.5.1 Generalstress-strainrelationshipofviscoelasticmaterial 29
1.5.2 Viscoelasticmodels 30
1.5.2.1 Kelvinmodel 30
1.5.2.2 Maxwellmodel 31
1.5.2.3 NonviscousKelvinmodel 33
1.5.2.4 Comparisonwith1D-of-freedomvibration
system 33
1.6 Waveattenuationbyinternaldamping 34
1.6.1 Viscoelasticmodelsandwaveattenuation 34
1.6.1.1 AttenuationforKelvinmodel 34
1.6.1.2 AttenuationforMaxwellmodel 36
1.6.1.3 AttenuationforNonviscousKelvinmodel 36
1.6.2 Energydissipationinwavepropagation 37
1.6.3 Energydissipationinwavepropagationcomparedwith
cyclicloading 40
1.7 Waveattenuationincludinggeometricdamping 41
1.8 Summary 42
viii Table of contents
2 Soil properties during earthquakes 45
2.1 Characterizationofdynamicsoilproperties 45
2.1.1 Small-strainproperties 45
2.1.2 Strain-dependentnonlinearityinsoilproperties 47
2.1.3 Equivalentlinearization 50
2.1.4 Strongnonlinearitytowardfailure 53
2.1.4.1 Basicmechanismofseismicsoilfailure 54
2.1.4.2 Effectsofloadingrateandloadingcycle 57
2.2 Howtomeasuresoilproperties 58
2.2.1 Insituwavemeasurementforsmallstrain 58
2.2.1.1 Measurementsusingboreholes 59
2.2.1.2 Measurementswithoutboreholes 62
2.2.2 Laboratorytestsforsmall-strainproperties 66
2.2.2.1 Wavetransmissiontests 67
2.2.2.2 Small-straincyclicloadingtests 70
2.2.3 Laboratorytestsformediumtolargestrain 72
2.2.3.1 Simplesheartest 72
2.2.3.2 Torsionalsimplesheartest 74
2.2.3.3 Cyclictriaxialtest 75
2.2.3.4 Membranepenetrationeffectinundrainedtests 76
2.3 Typicalsmall-strainproperties 79
2.3.1 V andG forsandandgravel 80
s 0
2.3.1.1 Effectsofvoidratioandconfiningstress 80
2.3.1.2 Effectofparticlegrading 82
2.3.2 G forcohesivesoil 84
0
2.3.2.1 Effectsofvoidratioandconfiningstress 84
2.3.2.2 Long-termconsolidationeffect 85
2.3.2.3 Effectofoverconsolidation 87
2.3.3 Frequency-dependencyofdampingratiointhelaboratory 88
2.4 Strain-dependentequivalentlinearproperties 89
2.4.1 Modulusdegradation 89
2.4.1.1 Sandandgravel 89
2.4.1.2 Cohesivesoil 92
2.4.1.3 Overviewofcohesive/non-cohesivesoil 94
2.4.2 Dampingratio 96
2.4.2.1 Sandandgravel 96
2.4.2.2 Cohesivesoil 97
2.4.3 Strain-dependentpropertyvariationscomparedwithinsitu 97
2.4.3.1 Modulusdegradations 98
2.4.3.2 Dampingratios 100
2.5 Summary 101
3 Soil modeling for analyses and scaled model tests 103
3.1 Modellingofsoilproperties 103
3.1.1 Nonlinearstress-straincurves 103
3.1.2 Masingruleforcyclicloading 105
Table of contents ix
3.1.3 Hystereticmodelsforcyclicloading 107
3.1.3.1 Bilinearmodel 107
3.1.3.2 Hysteretichyperbolic(HH)modeland
Hardin-Drnevich(HD)model 108
3.1.3.3 Ramberg-Osgood(RO)model 109
3.1.4 Comparisonoflaboratorytestdatawithequivalent
linearmodel 109
3.1.5 Modelingofsoildilatancy 112
3.1.5.1 Dilatancyindrainedmonotonicshearing 112
3.1.5.2 Dilatancyindrainedcyclicshearing 114
3.1.5.3 Dilatancyinundrainedcyclicshearing 116
3.1.6 Dynamicstrengthincyclicloadingbasedonfatiguetheory 118
3.1.6.1 Regularandirregularcyclicloading 118
3.1.6.2 Two-directionalloading 121
3.2 Dynamicsoilanalyses 123
3.2.1 Distinctionsofdynamicanalysesonsoils 124
3.2.2 Goalsofdynamicsoilanalyses 124
3.2.3 Outlineofdynamicresponseanalyses 126
3.2.3.1 One-dimensionalwavepropagationanalysisin
continuummodel 126
3.2.3.2 Complexresponseanalysisofdiscretizedmodel 131
3.2.3.3 Mode-superpositionanalysisofdiscretized
model 133
3.2.3.4 Time-domainstepwisenonlinearanalysisof
discretizedmodel 134
3.2.4 Equivalentlinearanalysis 137
3.2.4.1 Analyticalprocedure 137
3.2.4.2 Modificationofequivalentlinearanalysis 138
3.2.5 Equivalentlinearandnonlinearanalysescomparedwith
modeltest 140
3.2.5.1 Shakingtabletestand1Dsoilmodel 140
3.2.5.2 Comparisonofanalysesandmodeltest 142
3.3 Scaledmodeltestsandsoilmodels 145
3.3.1 Needsformodeltests 145
3.3.2 Similitudeforscaledmodeltests 146
3.3.2.1 Howtoderivesimilitude 146
3.3.2.2 Derivationofsimilitudebyforces 147
3.3.2.3 Similitudeforothervariables 152
3.3.3 Soilpropertiesformodeltestunderultra-low
confiningstress 155
3.4 Summary 159
4 Seismic site amplification and wave energy 163
4.1 Soilconditionandsiteamplification 164
4.2 Amplificationintwo-layersystem 166
4.2.1 Two-layersystemwithoutinternaldamping 166