Innovation Policy and the Limits of Laissez-faire: Hong Kong’s Policy in Comparative Perspective PDF
Preview Innovation Policy and the Limits of Laissez-faire: Hong Kong’s Policy in Comparative Perspective
Innovation Policy and the Limits of Laissez-faire This page intentionally left blank Innovation Policy and the Limits of Laissez-faire Hong Kong’s Policy in Comparative Perspective Editedby Douglas B. Fuller Selectionandeditorialcontent©Savantas2010 Individualchapters©thecontributors2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-27336-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2010by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-32389-0 ISBN 978-0-230-30411-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230304116 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Innovationpolicyandthelimitsoflaissez-faire:HongKong’spolicy incomparativeperspective/editedbyDouglasB.Fuller. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences. 1. Informationtechnology—China—HongKong—Economicaspects. 2. Technologicalinnovations—Governmentpolicy—China—HongKong. 3. Economicdevelopment—Technologicalinnovations—China—Hong Kong. 4. Freeenterprise—China—HongKong. I. Fuller,DouglasB. HC430.T4I5562010 338(cid:2).064095125—dc22 2010027507 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii Foreword x Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 DouglasB.Fuller 1 University–IndustryCollaborationandTechnology TransferinHongKongandKnowledge-basedEconomic Growth 8 DavidC.Mowery 2 HongKong’sIntellectualPropertyRightsRegimeand InnovationPolicy 39 Poh-KamWong 3 HumanResources:HongKong’sChallengesand Opportunities 69 DavidM.HartandFangmengTian 4 WorkforceDevelopmentinHongKong 97 VivekWadhwa 5 OnReformofHongKong’sPublicResearchFunding System 114 ChintayShih andShin-HorngChen 6 HongKong’sVentureCapitalSystemandthe CommercializationofNewTechnology 145 KevinAu andStevenWhite 7 HongKongandthePearlRiverDelta:Scienceand TechnologyCooperation 181 AdamSegal 8 ManufacturingforaPost-ManufacturingCity 198 EricThun v vi Contents 9 BiotechnologyinHongKong:ProspectsandChallenges 221 JosephWong 10 GovernmentNeglectandtheDeclineofHongKong’s IntegratedCircuitDesignIndustry 242 DouglasB.Fuller 11 HongKong’sNewCreativeIndustries:TheExampleof theVideoGamesSector 267 F.TedTschang 12 EnvironmentalTechnology:HongKong’sInnovation System 301 AtsushiSunami Index 324 List of Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 AverageRGCGRFaward(HK$m),1992–2008 15 1.2 AverageRGCGRFaward,2007/2008byfield 15 1.3 HongKonguniversitiespatenting,byyear,1986–2007 24 1.4 Meanforwardcitations/patent,1986–2003patents assignedtoUS,Singaporean,HongKonguniversities 25 1.5 Technologyclassshares,1986–2003patentsassignedto US,Singaporean,HongKonguniversities 27 2A.1 GrowthofHongKong-Inventedutilitypatentsvs. Singapore-Inventedutilitypatents1976–2006 59 2A.2 Comparisonoftechnologyclassofpatentsby HongKongandSingaporeinventors,1976–2006 64 3.1 Estimatedflowsofundergraduatedegreeholdersin2006 76 5.1 Structureofthefundingschemesadministrated bytheITC 120 6.1a Venturecapitalpool,HongKongcomparedwithother countries 146 6.1b NumberofVCfirms,HongKongcomparedwithother countries 146 6.2 Investmentstageofventurecapitalfunds,HongKong comparedwithothercountries 148 6.3 KeyactivitiesintheVCinvestmentprocess 151 6.4 Venturecapitalsystem 152 6.5 KeyactorsandresourceflowsinHongKong’sventure capitalsystem 164 6.6 Sourcesofventurecaptialfunds,HongKongcompared toothercountries 167 6.7 VC-backedinitialpublicofferings,2000–2007 170 8.1 UtilizationofHongKong’sserviceindustry 203 11.1 SizeofteamsinBeijingin2005–2007 285 12.1 Airpollutantsemittedandvisibilitytrendfrom 1990to2010 304 12.2 EmissionsinthePRDregionin2003 305 12.3 %ofHighCitationPapersbyField 312 12.4 PearlRiverDeltaregionalairqualitymap2007 317 vii viii ListofFiguresandTables Tables 2.1 Patentrightsindex,EconomicFreedomoftheWorld Report 42 2.2 GCRIPrightsprotectionindex,2000–2008,selected years 43 2A.1 GrowthofHongKongandSingaporepatents 1976–2007 57 2A.2 GrowthofHongKongandSingaporeutilitypatents 1976–2006 58 2A.3 Utilitypatentingpropensity,selectedeconomies, 1985–2005 59 2A.4 TrademarksapplicationsandregistrationswithUSPTO 60 2A.5 ComparisonofHongKongandSingaporepatentsby patenttype1976–2006 61 2A.6 BreakdownofpatentsbyHongKongandSingapore inventors 62 2A.7a AveragecitationsreceivedperutilitypatentbyHong KongandSingaporeinventors1976–2006 63 2A.7b RelativeCitationIndex,1976–2005 63 2A.7c HighImpactIndex,1976–2005 63 2A.8 HerfindahlIndexoftechnologicalconcentration, 1976–2006 64 2A.9a Top20organizationswithHongKongpatents 65 2A.9b Top20organizationswithSingaporepatents 66 3.1 Undergraduatedegreeholdersasashareofworking population 74 3.2 S&Tdegreeholdersandshareinworkingpopulation 78 3.3 Highoccupationalstatus(HOS) 81 5.1 Descriptionofthemajorfundingschemesunderthe auspicesoftheITC 118 5.2 Innovationandtechnologyfund:Distributionof approvedprojectsamongdifferentindustrialsectors 121 5.3 Fundingindicatorsofthemajorfundingschemes undertheauspicesoftheITC,2006–2008 123 5.4 Thetypesoffundingschemesforresearchinstitutes, administratedbytheDoITinTaiwan 130 5A.1 R&Dexpenditurebyperformingsector,2002–2006 136 5A.2 R&Dexpenditurebysourceoffunds,2002–2006 136 5A.3 R&Dexpenditureinthebusinesssectorbyindustry sector,2002–2006 137 ListofFiguresandTables ix 5A.4 Totalexpenditureforin-houseR&Dactivitiesin2007 bytechnologyareabyindustrysector 138 5A.5 TotalexpenditureforoutsourcedR&Dactivitiesin 2007byoutsourcedpartybyindustrysector 139 5A.6 TotalexpenditureforoutsourcedR&Dactivitiesin 2007byperformingpartyandsourceoffunds 140 5A.7 DistributionofestablishmentswithR&Dactivitiesin 2007bythetypesandlocationoftheircooperation arrangements 141 8.1 ProducerservicesinHongKong 201 8.2 ChangesinGuangdongminimumwage 204 8.3 ProductionmodeofGuangdongenterprises 205 8.4 Industrialoutputvalueofninetargetedindustriesin HongKong,2000–2005 206 8.5 OwnershipofToyotaGroupSuppliersestablishedin Guangzhouin2004 213 10.1 InterviewedICindustryMNCsinHongKong 247 10.2 InterviewedHongKongICdesignfirms 248 10.3 HongKong,TaiwanandMainlandChinesedesign housesamongtheglobaltop125ICfirmsin2006 252 11.1 CharacteristicsofselectedsubsectorsinHongKong’s newcreativeindustries 269 11.2 Creativeinputsandlinkageswiththenewcreative industries 274 11.3 Competitiveadvantages/disadvantagesofvariousfirms intheindustry/sample 290 11A.1 Thestudy’sinterviewsampleandtheircharacteristics 297 12.1 Localpollutionsources 304 12.2 Top10ChineseInstitutesProducingtheArticles FeaturedonNatureChina2007–2008 311 12.3 Top10ChineseInstitutesProducingtheArticles FeaturedonNatureChina2007–2008 311 12.4 Projectedemissionsin2010aftertheimplementation ofadditionalcontrolmeasuresbyGuangdong 318
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