Infrared Technology - Applications to Electro-Optics, Photonic Devices, and Sensors

476 Pages·2000·23.6 MB·English

by  Jha

derarfnI ygolonhceT
Applications to Electrooptics,
Photonic Devices, and srosneS
A. .R JHA
A ECNEICSRETNI-YELIW PUBLICATION
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
NEW YORK / CHICHESTER / WEINHE~M / ENABSIRB / SINGAPORE / TORONTO
This book is printed on acid-free paper, t~)
Copyright © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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10987654321
Foreword
Infrared science has played a revolutionary role in the development of the modern
technology age. The infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum spans from ap-
proximately 0.75 txm to 1000 ~m. The discovery of infrared radiation is credited to
the British Royal Astronomer, Sir William Herschel who demonstrated this radia-
tion in 1800 by using sunlight dispersed through a prism and detecting it with a sen-
sitive thermometer. This work laid the foundation of the field of infrared spec-
troscopy. For more than thirty years, the enormous potential of this new form of
radiation was not realized until the intervention of more sensitive detectors such as
the radiation thermocouple and the diffraction grating spectrometer. Since then,
there has been phenomenal progress in both basic and applied research in infrared
science and technology. Infrared spectroscopy has played a leading role in the
achievement of this progress
Throughout the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, in-
frared studies were primarily concerned with basic research. The experimental re-
sults of these studies led to the formulation of almost all of the fundamental theories
and laws of thermal radiation. For example, the studies of spectral and temperature
dependence of thermal radiation led to the validation of Planck's quantum theory,
the Stefan-Boltzmann distribution law, and Wien's displacement law. Heinrich
Herz's experimental studies of the propagation of thermal radiation through empty
space provided the verification of Maxwell's classical theory of electromagnetic ra-
diation. Infrared spectroscopic studies of molecular and atomic systems in the
gaseous, liquid, or solid phase provide insight into their structure and establish their
electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy level structure. Infrared spectroscopy
has made possible an important tool for chemists and biochemists for material iden-
tification. The study of infrared properties such as absorption, emission, reflectivity,
refractive indices, electrooptic and nonlinear optical coefficients of materials is im-
portant for exploring the potential of these materials for use in devices such as
xvii
xviii FOREWORD
lasers, detectors, optical amplifiers, optical parametric oscillators, electrooptic
modulators, and many others.
With regard to applications other than basic research, the list is indeed a long
one. One of the earliest applications of infrared technology was in the development
of infrared imaging systems for defense purposes during World War II. Even today,
infrared technology plays a crucial role in the area of defense applications
This book provides engineers, scientists, and graduate students with a compre-
hensive guide and state-of-the-art technology to the analysis and development of in-
frared, photonic, and electrooptic devices and subsystems for commercial, industri-
al, military, and space applications. However, the biggest boost to the applications
of infrared technology was given by the invention of the laser. It is of interest to note
that the three most widely used lasers, namely, YAG, neodymium, carbon dioxide,
and III-V semiconductor based lasers, all operate in the infrared. The use of the
laser has made possible the observation of many new phenomena such as multipho-
ton processes, second and third harmonic generation, stimulated Raman scattering,
and many more. The laser has revolutionized optical communication, which in turn
has opened up exciting opportunities for the growth of information technology and
the Internet. If past performance is any rule, our future will continue to be pro-
foundly influenced by newer applications of this versatile technology.
DR. AHBOHS HGNIS
II
ecaferP
The recent maturity of infrared, photonic, and electrooptic technologies has opened
the door for such potential applications as space surveillance sensors, airborne re-
connaissance sensors, drone electronics, premises security systems, covert commu-
nications systems, telecommunications systems, data transmission systems, IR
countermeasures equipment, missile warning systems, IR lasers for medical treat-
ment, remote space sensors, pollution monitoring sensors, high resolution imaging
sensors, multispectral airborne sensors and a host of other systems used in commer-
cial, industrial, and military applications. Deployment of the above sophisticated
sensors in space, medicine, and battlefields is possible owing to the rapid develop-
ment and availability of state-of-the-art photonic, electrooptic, and optoelectronic
devices and components. Integration of emerging technologies, such as supercon-
ductors, MMIC, and acousto-optics in some sensors has been identified.
This book summarizes performance capabilities of infrared, photonic, and elec-
trooptic devices and systems backed by mathematical analysis wherever necessary.
The book has been designed to have a balanced mix of theory and practical applica-
tions. It is well organized and covers numerous topics and a wide range of applica-
tions including commercial, industrial, space, and military applications involving
cutting-edge infrared and photonic technologies. Relevant mathematical expres-
sions and derivations are provided for the benefits of students who wish to expand
their knowledge in the IR and photonic technology areas. The book is written for
easy comprehension by both undergraduate and graduate students and contains
many numerical examples demonstrating the unique performance capabilities of IR
and photonic sensors. The book has been prepared especially for graduate students,
engineers, scientists, researchers, and product development managers who wish to,
or are actively engaged in, the design and development of state-of-the-art IR and
photonic devices and sensors for specific applications. It will be most useful as a
compact reference for physicists, research scientists, project managers, educators,
xix
xx PREFACE
and clinical researchers. In brief, this book will be most beneficial to those who
wish to broaden their knowledge in the application of infrared and photonic tech-
nologies to various devices and sensors. The author has made every attempt to pro-
vide well organized material using conventional nomenclature, a constant set of
symbols, and identical units for rapid comprehension. State-of-the-art performance
parameters for some IR and photonic devices and sensors are provided from various
reference sources with due credit given to the authors or organizations involved.
The bibliographies include significant contributing sources. It is important to men-
tion that this book includes the latest data on research, design, and development ac-
tivities in the field of infrared and photonic devices and sensors.
The book is comprised of eleven chapters. Numerical examples are included at
the end of each chapter to provide the analytical aspects of important mathematical
expressions. Chapter One presents the infrared (IR) theory in the simplest format
for better comprehension by students and readers not familiar with IR theory. Quan-
tities, functions, symbols, and units commonly used for describing the performance
of photometric, radiometric, photonic, and IR devices are provided. Computed val-
ues of radiance exitance, relative radiance exitance, relative photon density, spectral
radiant exitance, and spectral band radiance contrast as a function of temperature
and emission wavelength are provided for clear understanding of the performance
capabilities and limitations of IR sources and systems. Derivation of important
functions and quantities commonly used in IR radiation theory are provided wher-
ever necessary.
Chapter Two summarizes the transmission characteristics of optical signals
through the atmosphere as a function of altitude, operating wavelength, and climat-
ic conditions. Scattering, absorption, and diffraction coefficients as a function of at-
mospheric parameters and emission wavelength are provided. Impact of atmospher-
ic turbulence on high-power laser beams is described under various turbulent
intensities. Performance degradation of IR missiles and airborne surveillance sys-
tems owing to sever effects from absorption, scattering, diffraction, thermal bloom-
ing, gas breakdown, and turbulence-induced beam-spreading is discussed. Various
models capable of computing the atmospheric transmission characteristics are iden-
tified. Impact of the target-to-background contrast on weapon delivery performance
in the presence of atmospheric back scattering is described with emphasis on range
capability.
Chapter Three describes the performance characteristics and capabilities of vari-
ous IR sources including man-made sources, natural sources, laboratory sources,
commercial sources, and industrial sources. Performance capabilities of both coher-
ent and incoherent sources are discussed with emphasis on cost and complexity. Ca-
pabilities of state-of-the-art semiconductor lasers, diode-pumped solid state lasers,
fiber lasers, optical parametric oscillators, erbium-doped amplifiers, and high-
power chemical and gas lasers including CO2 and COIL lasers are described with
particular emphasis on reliability, safety, and cooling requirements.
Chapter Four focuses on performance capabilities of IR detectors and focal pla-
nar arrays (FPAs) using both CCD and CMOS technologies. Performance parame-
ters of cooled and cryogenically cooled detectors and FPAs are summarized with
ECAFERP xxi
emphasis on sensitivity and spectral bandwidth. Perfornlance specification require-
ments of ADP detectors and photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for various applications
are described with emphasis on gain and bandwidth-efficiency product. Radiation
hardness levels for IR detectors for space applications are specified. Critical perfor-
mance parameters for one-dimensional and two-dimensional FPAs are described
with emphasis on built-in read-out devices. I R detectors with higher sensitivity have
been identified.
Chapter Five describes the state-of-the-art performance capabilities of passive
infrared and electrooptic devices including optical fibers, nonlinear optical crystals,
optical resonators and cavities, microlenses, A/D converters using optical technolo-
gy, optical filters such as bandpass and tunable filters, fiber optic links, optical de-
lay lines, optical isolators and circulators, optical switches, optical displays, and
high-speed IR digital cameras. Potential applications of passive R1 devices and sen-
sors have been identified for commercial, industrial, space, and military applica-
tions. Performance degradation of these devices under severe operating environ-
ments is identified.
Chapter Six describes the performance capabilities and operational limitations of
active IR devices and components. Critical performance parameters and design as-
pects of electrooptic (EO) modulators are described with emphasis on cost and
complexity. Performance requirements for optical correlators, photonic-based time-
stretch (PBTS) A/D converters (ADC) and optical surveillance receivers are identi-
fied. Applications of PBTS-ADC devices in high-resolution airborne radar, space-
based side looking radar, and electronic warfare (EW) systems operating under
severe electromagnetic environments are described. Performance capabilities of op-
tically controlled phased array antennas including multibeam formation, fast re-
sponse time, squint-free antenna patterns, deep null steering, true time delay, and
wide bandwidth are summarized.
Chapter Seven describes potential applications of infrared and photonic tech-
niques in commercial, industrial, and military systems. Integration of these tech-
nologies in high-resolution ,VT DPSS lasers, optical projectors, commercial print-
ers, laser marking systems, optical spectrum analyzers, high-quality imaging
sensors, high-resolution IR cameras, detection sensors for biological and chemical
weapons, smoke/fire detection sensors, battlefield sensors, and unmanned vehicle
systems are discussed in detail with emphasis on reliability, performance, and cost-
effectiveness. Critical performance parameters of I R-based process monitoring sen-
sors, laser-based airport security systems, laser-based alignment systems for auto-
mobile and aircraft industries, and optic links for phased array antennas,
communications, and telecommunications systems are described with emphasis on
reliability and cost-effectiveness.
Chapter Eight describes the potential applications of infrared and photonic tech-
nologies in medicine, telecommunications, and space surveillance. Performance ca-
pabilities and critical parameters of IR-based and photonic-based sensors such as R1
digital cameras for biotechnology image analysis, photodynamic therapy (PDT),
noninvasive revascularization (TMR), lumpectomy, stomatology, and ophthalmolo-
gy, hyperspeetral-imaging spectrometers, IR sensors for environmental research,
space surveillance systems, and optical communications and telecommunications
equipment involving WDM and dense-WDM techniques are described. Application
of photonic technology for DNA analysis, battlefield use, and environmental re-
search is discussed in greater detail.
Chapter Nine deals with the infrared and photonic sensors most attractive for
deep space research and military applications. The devices and sensors described in
this chapter are best suited for three-dimensional ocean surveillance, unmanned aer-
ial vehicles (UAVs), IR countermeasures, battlefield reconnaissance, target acquisi-
tion, IR search and track, and target recognition and identification under severe
clutter environments. IR and photonic sensors for military and space applications
include space-based antimissile systems, IR line scanners, laser rangefinders, high-
resolution imaging sensors, and multispectral sensors. Performance parameters of
selected IR and photonic sensors widely used for space and military applications
are summarized.
Chapter Ten focuses on potential methods for predicting the IR signature of man-
made sources and computer analysis for estimating IR radiation levels from com-
plex aircraft surfaces as a function of surface emissivity, temperature, and surface
conditions. Spectral radiance, radiation intensity, and radiant emittance as a func-
tion of exhaust temperature and exit nozzle area are calculated for commercial and
military jet engines using a MathCad program. Skin temperature and radiation in-
tensity from aircraft and missile surfaces are computed as a function of speed, sur-
face area, and emissivity. A computer simulation method for predicting the IR sig-
nature of a jet engine as a function of exhaust temperature, thrust, aspect angle, and
exit nozzle area is described. Computed detection ranges for short-range, medium-
range, and intercontinental ballistic missiles are provided as a function of detector
IFOV, optic size, source intensity, detector sensitivity, S/N ratio for a given probabil-
ity of detection and false alarm rate, and target radar cross-section. Passive and ac-
tive IR countermeasure methods are discussed with emphasis on IR background
clutter rejection and false alarm reduction techniques.
The last chapter describes future applications of IR and photonic technologies
and discusses performance requirements for auxiliary circuits and equipment. Criti-
cal requirements for the auxiliary circuits and components such as electronic con-
trol circuits, power supplies, thermoelectric coolers, temperature controllers, cry-
ocoolers, and monitoring devices are summarized. The capabilities of selected
optical software programs for modeling and analysis of IR systems, photonic de-
vices, and optoelectronic components are described. Future applications of IR and
photonic technologies for free-space intrasatellite communication, IR data transfer,
industrial process control, underwater mine detection, and medical diagnosis and
treatment are identified. In summary, this book provides cutting-edge IR technology
aspects most useful in the design and development of infrared and photonic devices
and sensors for commercial, industrial, military, and space applications. The book
contains enough background and advanced material for graduate students and even
for entry-level optical engineers.
I wish to thank Cassie Craig, Editorial Assistant, and Andrew Prince, Managing
Editor, at John Wiley & Sons, and Paul Schwartz of Ampersand Graphics, who
ECAFERP xxiii
have been very patient in accommodating my last-minute additions and changes to
the text. Last, but not least, I thank my wife Urmila Jha and daughter Sarita Jha,
who inspired me to complete this book on time under a tight time schedule. Finally,
I wish to express my sincere thanks to my wife, who has been very patient and sup-
portive throughout the preparation of this book.
derarfnI ygolonhceT
Applications to Electrooptics,
Photonic Devices, and srosneS
A. .R JHA
A ECNEICSRETNI-YELIW PUBLICATION
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
NEW YORK / CHICHESTER / WEINHE~M / ENABSIRB / SINGAPORE / TORONTO