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Cornelia S. Große · Rolf Drechsler Editors Information Storage A Multidisciplinary Perspective Information Storage Cornelia S. Große (cid:129) Rolf Drechsler Editors Information Storage A Multidisciplinary Perspective 123 Editors CorneliaS.Große RolfDrechsler GroupofComputerArchitecture GroupofComputerArchitecture Faculty3-Mathematics Faculty3-Mathematics andComputerScience andComputerScience UniversityofBremen UniversityofBremen Bremen,Germany Bremen,Germany Cyber-PhysicalSystems DFKIGmbH Bremen,Germany ISBN978-3-030-19261-7 ISBN978-3-030-19262-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19262-4 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Theabilitytorememberisoneofthemostimportantabilitiesinourlife—without it, we wouldnotrecognizeourparents,ourchildren,ourhomes.Forthousandsof years, mankind has been collecting information on how to build houses, on how to cultivate land, on how to raise animals. Each day,new informationis acquired, anditisaddedtoourcollectiveknowledgebase.Withouttheabilitytostoreandto retrieveinformation,oursocietywouldnothaveadvancedtoitscurrentlevel.The wayweseeourselves,whatweare,andwhatwecanbeishighlydependentonwhat weknowaboutourselvesandabouttheworldaroundus. Mostofwhatweconsideraseverydayroutinewouldnotbepossiblehadwenot acquiredandstoredtheknowledgeonhowto doitatsomepoint.Eachindividual stores his or her own experiences, and these memories fundamentally shape our personality. Moreover, society itself is storing information which is essential in order to maintain and expand our civilization. This second kind of storing information is accomplishedinseveralways: Withinsmallclose-tiedcommunities,like families, informationis preservedacross generationsthroughinterpersonalexchange.On a largerscale,societyusesartifacts,picturesincaves,andwritingsonstones,clay,and parchment,like those seen in museumsand archives.Yet there are also television films, books, newspapers, and countless other cultural materials. Parallel to this evolution in our technical possibilities, many of us now have our own “personal museums”storedoncomputersathome,withhundredsofphotosandotherpersonal datafilesfullofthingsweassumetobeimportantforus.Onaninterpersonallevel, companiesand publicadministrationofficesutilize largedatabasesinterconnected throughwiresandfiberglass. Inthisbook,wewanttoshedlightonsomeoftheunderlyingprocessesbehind these different forms of information management: How does information storage work on these differentlevels? How can we store informationin our brain? What is the impact of new technologies, like computers and robots, on our efficiency of storing information? How is information stored in families and in society? Clearly, “information” is a very broad term with different meanings in different disciplines. Across disciplines it is generally agreed however that information v vi Preface reduces uncertainties and that the ability to store it safely is of vital importance for each of us. In computer science, a typical unit of information is a bit, and any combination of 0 and 1 can represent a multitude of content. In contrast, neuroscientists emphasize the importance of information as sensory inputs that are processed and transformed in the brain. Psychological theories focus more on individual learning and on the acquisition of knowledge. From a sociological perspective,interpersonalprocesseswithingroupsorsocietyitself—possiblyacross history—cometothefore. In this book, experts from a variety of different disciplines contribute to this broadrangeoftopics.Tobeginwith,insightsintoinformationstorageinthehuman brainarepresentedinChap.1“InformationProcessingandStorageinthe Brain.” ManfredFahleprovidesareviewonbrainresearch,pointingoutthestrengthsand weaknesses of human beings. In conjunction with Chap. 2, “Verbal Short-Term Memory:InsightsintoHumanInformationStorage”byMichailD.Kozlov,abilities, skills,andcharacteristicsofhumanbeingsareconsidered. Inoureverydaylife,technologyisofmajorimportance,andoftenwerelyonit inordertoassistourmemory—atleastwithrespecttophonenumbersordirections, oursmartphonesandnavigationsystemscomeinveryhandy.Yetnewtechnologies are emerging every day, transforming the ways in which we handle information. Hence, Chaps. 3 and 4 focus on future developmentsin computer science. While traditionalcomputersclearlyseparatebetweencomputingcomponentsandstoring components, in their chapter on “In-Memory Computing: The Integration of StorageandProcessing,”SaeidehShirinzadehandRolfDrechslerexplainhowthe traditionalarchitecturecanbeovercome,andhownewcomputerscanbedesignedin amuchmoreefficientway.Anotherimportantissueinthisareareferstothelevelof accuracyneededinstoringinformation.Intheirchapteron“ApproximateMemory: DataStorageintheContextofApproximateComputing,”SamanFröhlich,Daniel Große,andRolfDrechslerreflectontherelevanceofaccuracy:Completeaccuracy is often not of vital importance, but approximations are good enough. However, while certain inaccuracies may be permissible, it is necessary to ensure that they alwaysstaywithinspecifiedboundaries. Asrobotsarebecomingincreasinglyprominent,inChap.5,“InformationSystem for Storage, Management and Usage for Embodied Intelligent Systems,” Daniel Beßler, Asil Kaan Bozcuog˘lu, and Michael Beetz focus on methods and insights intoenablingarobottoperformeverydayactivities.Thesecaneasilybeperformed by humans but can be very difficult for robots: If a robot is told to set the table, thereareuncertainties,suchaswhatthetable mightbe orthemeaningof“setting it,”whiletherobotmayalsomissunspokencuescontainedwithinsucharequest. The last three chapters of this book return to human beings, looking at them as partof a group,asopposedto isolated independentindividuals.Since the most prominent, and arguably the most important, group to us is our family, we first lookathowinformationisstoredwithinthatsocialentity.InChap.6,“On‘Storing Information’inFamilies:(Mediated)FamilyMemoryattheIntersectionofIndivid- ualandCollectiveRemembering,”RiekeBöhlingandChristineLohmeierexamine from the point of view of media and communication studies how information is Preface vii stored and passed on within families. Specifically, they look at families whose grandparentgeneration abandoned their homeland, so that preserving culture and tradition was somewhat challenging. The issue of culture and information brings us to modern meansof informationstorage and dissemination, like television and otheraudiovisualsources.Thus,weaddressthequestionhowtelevisioninfluences information storage within our society. This is done by Berber Hagedoorn in Chap.7,“CulturalMemoryandScreenCulture:HowTelevisionandCross-Media Productions Contribute to Cultural Memory.” The issue of storing cultural information through television relates to the issue of preserving media content given unstable formats, changing technologies, and dying out spare parts and expertise. Finally, in Chap. 8, “The Complicated Preservation of the Television Heritage in a Digital Era,” Leif Kramp builds a bridge between social science and technical aspectswithrespecttostorageofinformation. Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetotheauthorsandtothestaffmembersof Springer,especiallytoRonanNugent,fortheexcellentcooperationandteamwork. Withouttheircommitment,itwouldnothavebeenpossibletocomposethisbook, whichisthefirstonetointegrateinterdisciplinaryperspectivesonthishighlycurrent andrelevantresearchtopic.Inthislight,withcontributionsfromleadingexpertsin therespectivefields,weproudlyopenupanewviewoninterdisciplinarystudieson informationstorage. Bremen,Germany CorneliaS.Große November2019 RolfDrechsler Contents 1 InformationProcessingandStorageintheBrain........................ 1 ManfredFahle 2 VerbalShort-TermMemory:InsightsinHumanInformation Storage ........................................................................ 41 MichailD.Kozlov 3 In-MemoryComputing:TheIntegrationofStorageand Processing..................................................................... 79 SaeidehShirinzadehandRolfDrechsler 4 Approximate Memory: Data Storage in the Context of ApproximateComputing.................................................... 111 SamanFroehlich,DanielGroße,andRolfDrechsler 5 InformationSystemforStorage,Management,andUsagefor EmbodiedIntelligentSystems.............................................. 135 DanielBeßler,AsilKaanBozcuog˘lu,andMichaelBeetz 6 On “StoringInformation”in Families: (Mediated) Family Memory at the Intersection of Individual and Collective Remembering................................................................. 161 RiekeBöhlingandChristineLohmeier 7 CulturalMemoryandScreenCulture .................................... 179 BerberHagedoorn 8 The Complicated Preservationof the Television Heritage inaDigitalEra............................................................... 199 LeifKramp ix Editors and Contributors AbouttheEditors CorneliaS.Großeworksinthedomainofeducationalpsychologyandinvestigates topicsof learningandinstruction.She studied Psychologyatthe Albert-Ludwigs- Universität, Freiburg, Germany,and received her diploma in 2001.She continued working there with Alexander Renkl and finished her doctorate on learning with multiplesolutionmethodsin2004.From2005to2009,sheworkedasalecturerin thefieldofeducationaldiagnosticsattheUniversityofBremen,Germany,followed byapostdocpositionfundedbytheUniversityofBremen(2010–2011),whereshe continuedworkingonlearningwithmultiplesolutionmethods.From2012to2016, she investigatedwaysto foster competenciesin mathematicalmodelingas PI in a DFGproject.Since2016,shehasworkedwithRolfDrechslerattheUniversityof Bremen. Her current research topics are cognitive processes in learning, learning with worked examples, and the acquisition of competencies in mathematics and computerscience. RolfDrechsler receivedhis diploma and Dr. phil. nat. in ComputerScience from the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in 1992 and 1995, respectively.HeworkedattheInstituteofComputerScience,Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany,from 1995 to 2000, and at the Corporate TechnologyDepart- ment, Siemens AG, Munich, Germany, from 2000 to 2001. Since 2001, Rolf DrechslerhasbeenFullProfessorandHeadoftheGroupofComputerArchitecture, Institute of Computer Science, at the University of Bremen, Germany. In 2011, he additionally became the Director of the Cyber-Physical Systems Group at the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) in Bremen. His currentresearchinterestsincludethedevelopmentanddesignofdatastructuresand algorithmswithafocusoncircuitandsystemdesign.HeisanIEEEFellow. xi xii EditorsandContributors Contributors MichaelBeetz is Professor of Computer Science at the Faculty for Mathematics & Informaticsof the UniversityofBremen andHead of the Institutefor Artificial Intelligence (IAI). He received his diploma in Computer Science with distinction from the University of Kaiserslautern. His MSc, MPhil, and PhD were awarded by Yale University in 1993, 1994, and 1996, respectively, and he obtained his Venia Legendi from the University of Bonn in 2000. He was vice-coordinator of the German cluster of excellence CoTeSys (Cognition for Technical Systems, 2006–2011) and coordinator of the European FP7 integrating project RoboHow (web-enabled and experience-based cognitive robots that learn complex everyday manipulationtasks,2012–2016),andisthecoordinatoroftheGermancollaborative research center EASE (Everyday Activity Science and Engineering) since 2017). His research interests include plan-based control of robotic agents, knowledge processingand representationfor robots,integratedrobotlearning,and cognition- enabledperception. DanielBeßler is a PhD student under the supervision of Michael Beetz at the Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Bremen, Germany. He studied Computer Science at the University of Bremen and obtained his diploma (M. Eng. equivalent) in 2014. As part of his PhD position, he was a member of the European projects RoboHow (web-enabled and experience-based cognitive robotsthatlearncomplexeverydaymanipulationtasks,2014–2016),andSAPHARI (Safe and Autonomous Physical Human-Aware Robot Interaction, 2014–2015). In addition, he is a member of the ongoing European research project REFILLS (roboticsenablingfully-integratedlogisticslinesforsupermarkets,since2017),and the German collaborative research center EASE (Everyday Activity Science and Engineering)since2017).Oneofhislatestpaperswasselectedasafinalistforthe BestRoboticsPaperAwardatAAMAS2018. RiekeBöhling is a research associate and PhD student at the Centre for Media, Communicationand InformationResearch (ZeMKI) at the University of Bremen, Germany. In her dissertation, she focuses on (mediated) memories of migration in Europe. In particular, she researches how family memories of migration are communicativelyconstructedattheintersectionofpersonalhistoriesandmemories, familymemories(wheremediapracticesplayaroleintheprocessofremembering) as well as mediated discourses and representations of these histories. She is particularlyinterested in culturalmemory,culturalidentity,and migrationstudies. SheisassistantmanagingeditorofVIEW:JournalofEuropeanTelevisionHistory &Culture.SheholdsanMAdoubledegreeinEuropeanStudies:Euroculturefrom theUniversityofGroningen,theNetherlandsandtheUniversityofDeusto,Spain. AsilKaanBozcuog˘lu graduated in Computer Engineering at Bilkent University, Turkey in 2010. During his MSc studies, he was a member of KOVAN Research LaboratoryatMiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,Turkey,workingontheEuropean FP7projectROSSIunderthesupervisionofErolS¸ahin.Hewrotehismaster’sthesis