Industrial Power Engineering and Applications Handbook

998 Pages·2001·36.811 MB·English

by  KC Agrawal

Inaustrial Power
Engineering
and
Applications
Handbook
I
K.C. AgraW al
QiB
Newnes

NEWNEPSO WERE NGINEERINSEGR IES
Industrial Power
Engineering and
Applications Handbook
NEWNEPSO WERE NGINEERISNEGR IES
Series editors
Professor TJE Miller, University of Glasgow, UK
Associate Professor Duane Hanselman, University of Maine, USA
Professor Thomas M Jahns, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Professor Jim McDonald, University of Strathclyde, UK
Newnes Power Engineering Series is a new series of advanced reference texts covering the core areas of
modern electrical power engineering, encompassing transmission and distribution, machines and drives, power
electronics, and related areas of electricity generation, distribution and utilization. The series is designed for a
wide audience of enginccrs, academics, and postgraduate students, and its focus is international, which is
reflected in the editorial team. The titles in the series offer concise but rigorous coverage of essential topics
within power engineering, with a special focus on areas undergoing rapid development.
The series complements the long-established range of Newnes titles in power engineering, which includes the
Electrical Engineer’s Reference Book, first published by Newnes in 1945, and the classic J&P Transformer
Book, as well as a wide selection of recent titles for professionals, students and engineers at all levels.
Further information on the Newnes Power Engineering Series in available from [email protected] and
www.newnespress.com
Please send book proposals to Matthew Deans, Newnes Publisher
matthew.deans @repp.co.uk
Other titles in the Newnes Power Engineering Series
Acha, Agelidis, Anaya & Miller Electronic Control in Electrical System 0 7506 5 126 1
Miller (ed.) Electronic Control of Switched Relunctance Machines 0 7506 5073 7
NEWNEPSO WEREN GINEERISNEGR IES
Industrial Power
Engineering and
Applications Handbook
K.C. Agrawal
Newnes
BOSTON OXFORD AUCKLAND JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
I 1
TO my parents
Copyright 0 200 1 by Butterworth-Heinemann
member of the Reed Elsevier
All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Agrawal, K.C.
Industrial power engineering and applications handbooWK.C. Agrawal.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 7506 7351 6
1 Factories - Power supply - Handbooks, manuals, etc. I Title.
TK 4035 F3. A37 2001
658.2'6-dc21 2001016211
British Library Cataloging in Publication Data
Agrawal, K.C.
Industrial power engineering and applications handbook
1 Electrical power transmission - Handbooks, manuals, etc
I Title
621.3'1
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Contents
Prejkice ix 6 Static Controls and Braking of Motors
Ackiiowledgernents x.i.. Speed control in squirrel cage motors . Speed control
Technical support Xlll through solid-state technology . Vuc ontrol (speed
Introduction xv control at constant torque) . Phasor (vector) control .
Use of phasor control for flux braking . Control and
feedback devices . Application of solid-state
Part I Selection, Testing, Controls technology Conduction and commutation . Circuit
'
configurations of semiconductor devices . Smoothing
and Protection of Electric Motors
ripples in the d.c. link Providing a constant d.c.
'
voltage source Providing a constant current source .
1 Theory, Performance and Constructional Generation of h4 armonics and switching surges in a
Features of Induction Motors static device switching circuit . Protection of
lntroduction . Brief theory of the operation of a semiconductor devices and motors . Energy
polyphase motor. Motor output and torque . Motor conservation through solid-state technology .
ratings and frame sizes . Preferred ratings at different Application of static drives . Speed variation through
voltages . Influence of service conditions on motor variable-speed fluid couplings . Static drive versus fluid
performance . No-load performance . Effect of steel of coupling . D.C. drives Braking . Induction generators
laminations on core losses . Circle diagram . Types of Inching or jogging . Number of starts and stops
'
induction motors . Mounting of motors Enclosures
Weatherproof motors (WP) . Degree of protection . * 7 Special-Purpose Motors
Cooling systems in large motors . Single phase Textile motors . Crane motors . Determining the size
of motor . Sugar centrifuge motors Motors for deep-
motors Theory of operation
well pumps . Motors for agricultural application .
2 Motor Torque, Load Torque and Selection Surface-cooled motors Torque motors or actuator
of Motors motors . Vibration and n8 oise level . Service factors .
Motor speed-torque curve . NEMA rotor designs . Motors for hazardous locations . Specification of
Special designs of rotors . Effect of starting current on motors for Zone 0 locations . Specification of motors
torque . Load torque or opposing torque Selection of for Zone 1 locations . Motors for Zone 2 locations .
motors . Time of start-up and its effect on1 motor Motors for mines, collieries and quarries . Intrinsically
performance . Thermal withstand time safe circuits, type Ex. 'i' . Testing and certifying
authorities . Additional requirements for ciritical
3 Duties of Induction Motors installations Motors for thermal power station
Duty cycles Continuous duty (CMR) (SI) Periodic auxiliaries . Selection of a special-purpose motor
duties . Factor of inertia (FI) Heating and cooling
characteristic curves Drawing the thermal curves . 8 Transmission of Load and Suitability of
Rating of short motor's . Equivalent output of short Bearings
time duties . Shock loading and use of a flywheel Direct or rigid couplings . Flexible couplings .
Delayed-action couplings . Construction and principle
4 Starting of Squirrel Cage Induction Motors of operation . Belt drives . Checking the suitability of
Direct on-line starting (DOL) . Reduced voltage starting bearings . Suitability of rotors for pulley drives
5 Starting and Control of Slip-ring Induction 9 Winding Insulation and its Maintenance
Motors Insulating materials and their properties . Ageing of
Important features of a slip-ring motor . Starting of slip- insulation . Practices of insulation systems . Procedure
ring motors . Hypothetical procedure to calculate the for vacuum pressure impregnation . Maintenance of
rotors resistance. Speed control of slip-ring motors insulation . Monitoring the quality of insulation of HT
'
Moving electrode electrolyte starters and controllers formed coils during manufacturing
VI Contents
10 Installation and Maintenance of Electric 16 Captive (Emergency) Power Generation
Motors Introduction . DG set . Operating parameters . Theory
Installation of bearings and pulleys . Important checks of operation . Guidelines on the selection of a DG set
at the time of commissioning Maintenance of electric . Types of loads . Starting of a DG set . Protection of
motors and their checks . Maintenance of bearings . a DG set . Parallel operation . Procedure of parallel
General problems in electric motors and their remedy . operation . Recommended protection for a
Winding temperature measurement at site . Analysis of synchronizing scheme . Load sharing by two or more
insulation failures of an HT motor at a thermal power generators . Total automation through PLCs
station
11 Philosophy of Quality Systems and Testing Part 111 Voltage Surges,
of Electrical Machines
Overvoltages and Grounding
Philosophy of quality systems . Testing of electrical
machines . Procedure for testing . Load test . No-load Practices
test . Tolerances in test results Certification of motors
used in hazardous locations 17 Voltage Surges - Causes, Effects and
Remedies
12 Protection of Electric Motors Introduction . Temporary overvoltages . Voltage surge
Purpose . Unfavourable operating conditions . Fault
or a transient . Transient stability of overhead lines .
conditions . Protection . Single-device motor
Causes of voltage surges . Definitions . Causes of
protection relays . Summary of total motor protection .
steep rising surges . Effect of steep-fronted TRVS on
Motor protection by thermistors . Monitoring of a
the terminal equipment (motor as the basis)
motor’s actual operating conditions . Switchgears for . Determining the severity of a transient . Protection of
motor protection . Selection of main components . rotating machines from switching surges . Theory of
Fuse-free system
surge protection (insulation coordination)
18 Surge Arresters: Application and
Part II Switchgear Assemblies and Selection
Captive Power Generation Surge arresters . Electrical characteristics of a ZnO
surge arrester . Basic insulation level (BIL) .
Protective margins . Protective level of a surge arrester
13 Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies
. Selection of gapless surge arrester . Classification of
Application . Types of assemblies . Conventional arresters . Surge protection of motors . Pressure relief
designs of switchgear assemblies (also referred to as
facility . Assessing the condition of an arrester
switchboards) . Design parameters and service
conditions for a switchgear assembly . Deciding the 19 Circuit Interrupters
ratings of current-carrying equipment, devices and Circuit interrupters . Theory of circuit interruption
components . Designing a bus system . Designing a with different switching mediums (theory of
switchgear assembly . HT switchgear assemblies . deionization) . Theory of arc plasma . Circuit breaking
General guidelines during installation and maintenance under unfavourable operating conditions . Circuit
of a switchgear or a controlgear assembly . Power interruption in different mediums . Current chopping .
circuits and control scheme diagrams . Painting . Virtual current chopping . Containing the severity of
Procedure of switchgear and control gear assemblies switching surges . Comparison of interrupting devices
and treatment of effluent
20 Temporary Overvoltages and System
14 Testing of a Metal-enclosed Switchgear Grounding
Assemblies Theory of overvoltages . Analysis of ungrounded and
Philosophy of quality systems . Recommended tests . grounded systems . The necessity of grounding an
Procedure for type tests . Procedure for routine electrical system . Analysis of a grounded system .
tests . Procedure for field tests An introduction to Arc suppression coil or ground fault neutralizer .
earthquake engineering and testing methods Ground fault factor (GFF) . Magnitude of temporary
overvoltages . Insulation coordination . Application of
15 Instrument and Control Transformers: different types of grounding methods (for HT, HV and
Application and Selection EHV systems) . Important parameters for selecting a
Introduction . Types of Transformers . Common ground fault protection scheme
features of a voltage and a current transformer .
General specifications and design considerations for 21 Grounding Theory and Ground Fault
voltage transformers Precautions to be observed Protection Schemes
while installing a voltage transformer . Current Protection of a domestic or an industrial single phase
transformers . Short-time rating and effect of system . Ground fault on an LT system . Ground fault
momentary peak or dynamic currents . Summary of protection in hazardous areas. . Ground leakage in an
Specifications of a CT Precautions to be observed HT system . Core-balanced current transformers
when connecting a CT . Test Requirements (CBCTs). Ground fault (GF) protection schemes
Contents vii
22 Grounding Practices and selection of components for capacitor duty Fast
Grounding electrodes Resistivity of soil (p) . discharge devices
Measuring the ground resistance Metal for the
26 Protection, Maintenance and Testing of
grounding conductor Jointing of grounding
Capacitor Units
conductors . Maintenance of grounding stations
Protection and safety requirements . Installation and
Grounding practices in a power generating station
maintenance of capacitor units Test requirements
Tolerahle potential difference at a location . Voltage
gradients . Determining the leakage current through a 27 Power Reactors
body . Measuring the average resistivity of soil . Introduction Selection of power reactors . Magnetic
Improving the performance of soil . Determining the charecteristics . Design criterion and I . q5
ground fault current . Designing a grounding grid characteristics of different types of reactor .
Application
Part V Bus Systems
Part IV Power Capacitors
28 Carrying Power through Metal-enclosed
23 Power Capacitors: Behaviour, Switching Bus Systems
Phenomena and Improvement of Power Introduction . Types of metal-enclosed bus systems .
Factor Design parameters and service conditions for a metal
Introduction . Application of power capacitors Effect enclosed bus system Short-circuit effects . Service
of low PF . Other benefits of an improved power conditions Other design considerations ‘Skin effect .
factor . Behaviour of a power capacitor in operation . Proximity effect . Sample calculation for designing a
Generation of triple harmonics in an inductive circuit. 2500 A non-isolated phase aluminium busbar system
Generation of harmonics by a power electronic circuit.
Resonance . Effective magnitude of harmonic voltages 29 Recommended Practices for Mounting
;~ndc urrents When harmonics will appear in a Buses and Making Bus Joints
\ystem Filter circuits : suppressing harmonics in a Precautions in mounting insulators and conductors .
power network . Excessive charging currents Making a joint Bending of busbars
(switching inrush or making currents) Limiting the
inrii\h currents . Capacitor panel design parameters . 30 Properties and Ratings of Current-Carrying
Capacitor rating for an induction motor. Location of Conductors
capacitors Automatic PF correction of a system . Properties and current ratings for aluminium and
Switching sequences . PF correction relays copper conductors . Current-carrying capacity of’
copper and aluminium conductors
24 System Voltage Regulation
Capacitors for improvement of system regulation 31 An Isolated Phase Bus System
Series capacitors Rating of series capacitors An isolated phase bus (IPB) system Constructional
Advantages of series compensation . Analysis of a features . Special features of an IPB system .
system for series compensation . Reactive power Enclosure heating . Natural cooling of enclosures
management Influence of line length (ferranti effect) Continuous rating . Forced cooling . Influence of a
To optimize the power transfer through reactive space field on the metallic structures . Fault level .
control . Transient stability level Switching of large Voltage drop . Forming of sections for IPB systems
reactive banks Determining the section and size of conductor and
enclosure Sample calculations
25 Making Capacitor Units and Ratings of
Switching Devices 32 Testing a Metal-enclosed Bus System
Making a capacitor element . A critical review of Philosophy of quality systems . Recommended tests
internally protected capacitor units . Self-healing Procedure for type tests Routine tests . Field tests
capacitors . Making a capacitor unit from elements .
Making capacitor banks from capacitor units Rating Iiidex 959