India's Constitution of 1949 with Amendments through 2016

268 Pages·2017·1.02 MB·English

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India's Constitution of 1949 with
Amendments through 2016
Subsequently amended
This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative
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Table of contents
Preamble ..............................................................................9
PART I. THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY ..............................................9
1. Name and territory of the Union ..........................................................9
2. Admission or establishment of new States ..................................................9
2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union ...................................................9
3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States ............ 9
4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules
and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters ....................................... 10
PART II. CITIZENSHIP ................................................................ 10
5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution .......................................10
6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan .................10
7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan .........................................11
8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India ..................... 11
9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens ..................... 11
10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship ..................................................11
11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law .......................................11
PART III. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ....................................................12
General ..............................................................................12
Right to Equality .......................................................................12
Right to Freedom ...................................................................... 13
Right against Exploitation ................................................................15
Right to Freedom of Religion ..............................................................15
Cultural and Educational Rights ...........................................................16
Saving of Certain Laws ..................................................................17
Right to Constitutional Remedies ..........................................................18
PART IV. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY ..................................19
36. De�nition ......................................................................... 19
37. Application of the principles contained in this Part ......................................... 20
38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people ....................... 20
39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State ......................................20
39A. Equal justice and free legal aid ........................................................20
40. Organisation of village panchayats ..................................................... 20
41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases ...........................20
42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief ......................... 21
43. Living wage, etc., for workers ..........................................................21
43A. Participation of workers in management of industries .....................................21
43B. Promotion of co-operative societies ................................................... 21
44. Uniform civil code for the citizens .......................................................21
45. Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years ............21
46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other
weaker sections ....................................................................... 21
47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health21
48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry ......................................... 22
48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life ........... 22
49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance ....................... 22
50. Separation of judiciary from executive ...................................................22
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51. Promotion of international peace and security ............................................ 22
PART IVA. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES .................................................. 22
51A. Fundamental duties ................................................................22
PART V. THE UNION ..................................................................23
CHAPTER I. THE EXECUTIVE ............................................................23
CHAPTER II. PARLIAMENT ..............................................................29
CHAPTER III. LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT ....................................42
CHAPTER IV. THE UNION JUDICIARY .....................................................42
CHAPTER V. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA .............................49
PART VI. THE STATES .................................................................50
CHAPTER I. GENERAL ..................................................................51
CHAPTER II. THE EXECUTIVE ........................................................... 51
CHAPTER III. THE STATE LEGISLATURE ...................................................54
CHAPTER IV. LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR .....................................67
CHAPTER V. THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES ........................................... 68
CHAPTER VI. SUBORDINATE COURTS .................................................... 73
PART VII. The States in Part B of the First Schedule .....................................74
PART VIII. THE UNION TERRITORIES .................................................74
239. Administration of Union territories .................................................... 74
239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories ........74
239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi ..............................................75
239AB. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery ................................. 76
239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature ................76
240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories ......................... 77
241. High Courts for Union territories ......................................................77
242. Coorg ........................................................................... 78
PART IX. THE PANCHAYATS ..........................................................78
243. De�nitions ....................................................................... 78
243A. Gram Sabha .....................................................................78
243B. Constitution of Panchayats .........................................................78
243C. Composition of Panchayats .........................................................78
243D. Reservation of seats .............................................................. 79
243E. Duration of Panchayats etc .........................................................80
243F. Disquali�cations for membership .....................................................80
243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayat ..................................... 80
243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats ................................ 81
243I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review �nancial position ............................ 81
243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats ..................................................... 81
243K. Elections to the Panchayats ........................................................ 82
243L. Application to Union territories ...................................................... 82
243M. Part not to apply to certain areas ....................................................82
243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats .......................................... 83
243O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters .......................................83
PART IXA. THE MUNICIPALITIES ..................................................... 83
243P. De�nitions .......................................................................83
243Q. Constitution of Municipalities .......................................................83
243R. Composition of Municipalities ....................................................... 84
243S. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc ..................................84
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243T. Reservation of seats ...............................................................85
243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc .......................................................85
243V. Disquali�cations for membership .................................................... 85
243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc ...............................86
243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities ................................86
243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning ................................................87
243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities ........................................87
243ZG. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ......................................88
Part IXB. The Co-Operative Societies ..................................................88
243ZH. De�nitions .....................................................................88
243ZI. Incorporation of co-operative societies ............................................... 88
243ZJ. Number and term of members of board and its of�ce bearers .............................89
243ZK. Election of members of board ......................................................89
243ZL. Supersession and suspension of board and interim management .......................... 89
243ZM. Audit of accounts of co-operative societies ...........................................90
243ZN. Convening of general body meetings ................................................90
243ZO. Right of a member to get information ................................................90
243ZP. Returns ........................................................................91
243ZQ. Offences and penalties ........................................................... 91
243ZR. Application to multi-State co-operative societies .......................................91
243ZS. Application to Union territories .....................................................91
243ZT. Continuance of existing laws .......................................................92
PART X. THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS .......................................92
244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas ...................................... 92
244A. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local
Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor ........................................... 92
PART XI. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES ....................... 93
CHAPTER I. LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS .................................................... 93
CHAPTER II. ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS ................................................96
PART XII. FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS ............................ 98
CHAPTER I. FINANCE ..................................................................98
CHAPTER II. BORROWING .............................................................106
CHAPTER III. PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS .........107
CHAPTER IV. RIGHT TO PROPERTY ..................................................... 109
PART XIII. TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF
INDIA .............................................................................. 109
301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse .......................................... 109
302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse .............. 109
303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and
commerce ...........................................................................109
304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States ............................110
305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies ............................110
306. Power of certain States in Part B of the First Schedule to impose restrictions on trade and
commerce ...........................................................................110
307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304 ................ 110
PART XIV. SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES ......................... 110
CHAPTER I. SERVICES ................................................................ 110
CHAPTER II. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS ............................................ 113
PART XIVA. TRIBUNALS .............................................................116
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323B. Tribunals for other matters ........................................................117
PART XV. ELECTIONS ............................................................... 118
324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission ......118
325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on
grounds of religion, race, caste or sex ..................................................... 118
326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis
of adult suffrage ...................................................................... 119
327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures .............. 119
328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature ...119
329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ....................................... 119
329A. Special provision as to elections to Parliament in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker ...... 119
PART XVI. SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES ..................120
330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People ..... 120
331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People ................... 120
332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of
the States ...........................................................................120
333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States ...... 121
334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after seventy years .................121
335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts ......................122
336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services ........................... 122
337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the bene�t of Anglo-Indian community ...122
338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes ............................................ 123
338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes ............................................123
339. Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled
Tribes .............................................................................. 124
340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes .............. 125
341. Scheduled Castes .................................................................125
342. Scheduled Tribes ................................................................. 125
PART XVII. OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ...................................................125
CHAPTER I. LANGUAGE OF THE UNION ................................................. 125
CHAPTER II. REGIONAL LANGUAGES ................................................... 126
CHAPTER III. LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC ..................... 127
CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL DIRECTIVES ..................................................... 128
PART XVIII. EMERGENCY PROVISIONS .............................................128
352. Proclamation of Emergency .........................................................128
353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency ................................................. 130
354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is
in operation ..........................................................................130
355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance ....... 130
356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States ...........................130
357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356 .................. 132
358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies .................................132
359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies .......... 133
359A. Application of this Part to the State of Punjab ......................................... 133
360. Provisions as to �nancial emergency ..................................................133
PART XIX. MISCELLANEOUS ........................................................134
361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs ................................. 134
361A. Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures ................135
361B. Disquali�cation for appointment on remunerative political post ........................... 135
362. Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States ..........................................135
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363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc ........ 136
363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and Privy purses to be abolished .......136
364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes .....................................136
365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union ..............137
366. De�nitions ...................................................................... 137
367. Interpretation ....................................................................139
PART XX. AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION ...................................140
368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor ..................... 140
PART XXI. TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS ...............140
369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as
if they were matters in the Concurrent List .................................................140
370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir ......................141
371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat .....................142
371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland ................................. 142
371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam ....................................144
371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur .................................. 144
371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh ...........................144
371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh ................................. 146
371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim ................................... 146
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram ..................................148
371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh ..........................148
371I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa ...................................... 149
371J. Special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka ................................... 149
372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation ................................ 149
372A. Power of the President to adapt laws ................................................150
373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain
cases ...............................................................................150
374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or
before His Majesty in Council ............................................................151
375. Courts, authorities and of�cers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution151
376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts ................................................151
377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ................................ 152
378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions ........................................... 152
378A. Special provisions as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly .................. 152
379-391. Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch ................ 152
392. Power of the President to remove dif�culties ...........................................152
PART XXII. SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND
REPEALS ............................................................................153
393. Short title .......................................................................153
394. Commencement ..................................................................153
394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language ............................................. 153
395. Repeals .........................................................................153
FIRST SCHEDULE. (Articles 1 and 4) ..................................................153
I. THE STATES ....................................................................... 153
II. THE UNION TERRITORIES ........................................................... 156
SECOND SCHEDULE. (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186
and 221) ............................................................................ 157
PART A. PROVISIONS AS TO THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNORS OF STATES ...............157
PART B ............................................................................. 158
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PART C. PROVISIONS AS TO THE SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF THE
PEOPLE AND THE CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND
THE SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND THE
CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF A STATE ........ 158
PART D. PROVISIONS AS TO THE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT AND OF THE HIGH COURTS .158
PART E. PROVISIONS AS TO THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA ...........160
THIRD SCHEDULE. Forms of Oaths or Af�rmations (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2),
164(3), 188 and 219) ................................................................ 160
I. Form of oath of of�ce for a Minister for the Union .......................................... 160
II. Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for the Union ........................................161
A. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by a candidate for election to Parliament ................ 161
B. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by a member of Parliament ........................... 161
IV. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by the Judges of the Supreme Court and the Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India ................................................................161
V. Form of oath of of�ce for a Minister for a State ............................................161
VI. Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for a State ......................................... 161
A. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by a candidate for election to the Legislature of a State .....162
B. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by a member of the Legislature of a State ................162
VIII. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by the Judges of a High Court ....................... 162
FOURTH SCHEDULE. Allocation of Seats in the Council of States (Articles 4(1) and
80(2)) ...............................................................................162
FIFTH SCHEDULE. Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas
and Scheduled Tribes (Article 244 (1)) ................................................ 163
PART A. GENERAL ....................................................................163
PART B. ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED AREAS AND SCHEDULED TRIBES ... 164
PART C. SCHEDULED AREAS ...........................................................164
PART D. AMENDMENT OF THE SCHEDULE ...............................................165
SIXTH SCHEDULE. Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram (Articles 244 (2) and 275 (1)) .................165
1. Autonomous districts and autonomous regions ............................................165
2. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils ..................................... 166
3. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils to make laws ...........................167
4. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and autonomous regions ......................167
5. Conferment of powers under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, and the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1898, on the Regional and District Councils and on certain courts and of�cers for the trial of certain
suits, cases and offences ............................................................... 169
6. Powers of the District Council to establish primary schools, etc ...............................169
7. District and Regional Funds ........................................................... 169
8. Powers to assess and collect land revenue and to impose taxes .............................. 170
9. Licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for, or extraction of, minerals .................. 170
10. Power of District Council to make regulations for the control of moneylending and trading by non-
tribals .............................................................................. 170
11. Publication of laws, rules and regulations made under the Schedule .......................... 171
12. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Assam to autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the state of Assam .......................................171
12A. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya to autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the State of Meghalaya ...................................171
12AA. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Tripura to the
autonomous district and autonomous regions in the State of Tripura .............................172
12B. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Mizoram to autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the State of Mizoram .....................................172
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14. Appointment of Commission to inquire into and report on the administration of autonomous
districts and autonomous regions ........................................................ 173
15. Annulment or suspension of acts and resolutions of District and Regional Councils .............. 173
16. Dissolution of a District or a Regional Council ............................................174
17. Exclusion of areas from autonomous districts in forming constituencies in such districts ..........174
18. omitted by s. 71(i) and Eighth Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 21-1-1972) .................................174
19. Transitional provisions ..............................................................175
20. Tribal areas .......................................................................175
20A. Dissolution of the Mizo District Council ............................................... 176
20B. Autonomous regions in the Union territory of Mizoram to be autonomous districts and transitory
provisions consequent thereto ...........................................................176
20C. Interpretation ................................................................... 177
21. Amendment of the Schedule ......................................................... 177
SEVENTH SCHEDULE. (Article 246) ..................................................178
List I. Union List ...................................................................... 178
List II. State List ...................................................................... 181
List III. Concurrent List .................................................................183
EIGHTH SCHEDULE. Languages (Articles 344(1) and 351) ............................ 184
NINTH SCHEDULE. (Article 31B) .................................................... 185
Explanation ..........................................................................192
TENTH SCHEDULE. Provisions as to disquali�cation on ground of defection (Articles
102(2) and 191(2)) .................................................................. 192
1. Interpretation ......................................................................193
2. Disquali�cation on ground of defection .................................................. 193
3. Disquali�cation on ground of defection not to apply in case of split ............................ 194
4. Disquali�cation on ground of defection not to apply in case of merger ..........................194
5. Exemption .........................................................................194
6. Decision on questions as to disquali�cation on ground of defection ............................ 194
7. Bar of jurisdiction of courts ............................................................195
8. Rules .............................................................................195
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE. (Article 243G) ...............................................195
TWELFTH SCHEDULE. (Article 243W) ............................................... 196
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Source of constitutional authority Preamble
Preamble
Motives for writing constitution
Type of government envisioned WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
Separation of church and state SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its
citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
Human dignity FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the
Reference to fraternity/solidarity Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do
HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
PART I. THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
1. Name and territory of the Union
1. India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
2. The States and the territories thereof shall be as speci�ed in the First Schedule.
3. The territory of India shall comprise-
a. the territories of the States;
b. the Union territories speci�ed in the First Schedule; and
c. such other territories as may be acquired.
Colonies
Accession of territory 2. Admission or establishment of new States
Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and
conditions as it thinks �t.
2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union
Rep. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5(w.e.f. 26-4-1975).
3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing States
Parliament may by law-
a. form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or
more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;
b. increase the area of any State;
c. diminish the area of any State;
d. alter the boundaries of any State;
e. alter the name of any State:
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Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament
except on the recommendation of the President and unless, where the proposal
contained in the Bill affects the area, boundaries or name of any of the States, the Bill
has been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State for expressing its
views thereon within such period as may be speci�ed in the reference or within such
further period as the President may allow and the period so speci�ed or allowed has
expired.
Explanation I
In this article, in clauses (a) to (e), "State" includes a Union territory, but in the proviso,
"State" does not include a Union territory.
Explanation II
The power conferred on Parliament by clause (a) includes the power to form a new State
or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or
Union territory.
4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the
amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and
supplemental, incidental and consequential matters
1. Any law referred to in article 2 or article 3 shall contain such provisions for the
amendment of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as may be necessary
to give effect to the provisions of the law and may also contain such
supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions (including provisions as to
representation in Parliament and in the Legislature or Legislatures of the State
or States affected by such law) as Parliament may deem necessary.
2. No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an amendment of this
Constitution for the purposes of article 368.
PART II. CITIZENSHIP
Requirements for birthright citizenship 5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
At the commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile in the
territory of India and-
a. who was born in the territory of India; or
b. either of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or
c. who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for not less than �ve
years immediately preceding such commencement,
shall be a citizen of India.
Requirements for birthright citizenship 6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have
migrated to India from Pakistan
Notwithstanding anything in article 5, a person who has migrated to the territory of
India from the territory now included in Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India
at the commencement of this Constitution if-
a. he or either of his parents or any of his grand-parents was born in India as
de�ned in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted); and
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