In Vitro Toxicity Indicators

507 Pages·1994·11.506 MB·English

by  Charles A. Tyson, Hanspeter Witschi and John M. Frazier (Eds.)

Methods in Toxicology
Series Editors
Charles A. Tyson
Biochemical Toxicology Program
SRI International
Menlo Park, California
Hanspeter Witschi
Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health
University of California, Davis
Volume 1A. In Vitro Biological Systems
Edited by Charles A. Tyson and John M. Frazier
Volume IB. In Vitro Toxicity Indicators
Edited by Charles A. Tyson and John M. Frazier
Volume 2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Edited by Lawrence H. Lash and Dean P. Jones
Volume 3A. Male Reproductive Toxicology
Edited by Robert E. Chapin and Jerrold J. Heindel
Volume 3B. Female Reproductive Toxicology
Edited by Jerrold J. Heindel and Robert E. Chapin
Methods in Toxicology
VOLUME 1
Part Β
In Vitro Toxicity Indicators
Edited by
Charles A. Tyson
Biochemical Toxicology Program
SRI International
MenloPark, California
John M. Frazier
School of Hygiene and Public Health
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
Academic Press
A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ©
Copyright © 1994 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Academic Press, Inc.
525 Β Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495
United Kingdom Edition published by
Academic Press Limited
24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
International Standard Serial Number: 1063-3677
International Standard Book Number: 0-12-461203-2 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number: 0-12- 461204-0 (Papercover)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
94 95 96 97 98 99 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The editors express special thanks to Dr. Richard
Recknagel in absentia. His enthusiasm and suggestions
for improving the contents of this volume were gra-
ciously offered and gratefully accepted. Regrettably, Dr.
Recknagel passed away before this volume was com-
plete, but we remain forever in his debt for his construc-
tive and positive contributions. We thank Dr. Recknagel
for his care, cooperation, and expertise.
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Daniel Acosta (46), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy,
The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
Fernando Aguilar (237), Department of Carcinogenesis, Swiss Institute for Experimen-
tal Cancer Research, 1066 Epalinges/Lausanne, Switzerland
N. G. Anderson (463), Large Scale Biology Corporation, Rockville, Maryland 20850
N. L. Anderson (463), Large Scale Biology Corporation, Rockville, Maryland 20850
Mark J. Arends (228), Department of Pathology, CRC Laboratories, University of Edin-
burgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
Steven D. Aust (367), Biotechnology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322
Thomas K. Baker (72), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Toxi-
cology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
S. Banni (415), Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Sperimen-
tale, Universita di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Giorgio Bellomo (58), Department of Experimental Medicine, and Oncology, Institute
of General Pathology, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
Irene K. Berezesky ( 1 ), Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
John M. Bond (438), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Laboratories for Cell Bi-
ology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina 27599
André Β. Borle (315), Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pitts-
burgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
Alberto Boveris (384), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Phar-
macy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Enrique Cadenas (384), Institute for Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, California 90033
xiii
xiv Contributors
Peter A. Cerutti (237), Department of Carcinogenesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental
Cancer Research, 1066 Epalinges/Lausanne, Switzerland
Enrique Chacon (438), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Laboratories for Cell
Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina 27599
Iih-Nan Chou (81), Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Boston University
School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
F. P. Corongiu (415), Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Speri-
mentale, Universitâ di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Frank Dolbeare (178), Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Liver-
more National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California 94551
David L. Eaton (349), Department of Environmental Health, and Institute for Environ-
mental Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
Lars Ernster (33), Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sci-
ences, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
R. Esquer-Blasco (463), Large Scale Biology Corporation, Rockville, Maryland 20850
Gregory L. Finch (279), Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Lovelace Biomedical
and Environmental, Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
Sue M. Ford (97), Toxicology Program, St. John's University, College of Pharmacy and
Allied Health Professions, Jamaica, New York 11439
Evan P. Gallagher (349), Department of Environmental Health, and Institute for Envi-
ronmental Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
Sean R. Gallagher (164), Hoefer Scientific Instruments, San Francisco, California 94107
Cecilia Giulivi (384), Institute for Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los An-
geles, California 90033
Eric A. Glende, Jr. (400), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medi-
cine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Carlotta E. Groves (108), Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of
Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
Ian Harper (438), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Laboratories for Cell Biol-
ogy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina 27599
Brian Herman (438), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Laboratories for Cell Bi-
ology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina 27599
Paul Hochstein (33), Institute for Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los An-
geles, California 90033
Robert M. Hogg (228), Department of Pathology, CRC Laboratories, University of Edin-
burgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
Francesca Iosi (58), Laboratory of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma,
Italy
Contributors XV
Dean P.Jones (140), Departments of Biochemistry and Pediatrics, and Winship Cancer
Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Hermann Kappus (377), Department of Dermatology, Free University of Berlin, D-1000
Berlin 65, Germany
Terrance J. Kavanagh (349), Departments of Medicine and Environmental Health, Uni-
versity of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
V. Kefalas (50), Chemical Assessment Branch, National Occupational Health and Safety
Commission, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2001, Australia
James E. Klaunig (72), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Toxi-
cology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
Richard G. Knowles (248), Biochemical Sciences, Wellcome Research Laboratories,
Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BS, United Kingdom
Debra L. Laskin (431, 456), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855
Jeffrey D. Laskin (431), Department of Environmental and Community Medicine,
UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
John J. Lemasters (438), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Laboratories for Cell
Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina 27599
Wände Li (81), Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine,
Boston, Massachusetts 02118
William J. Lindblad (270), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State Uni-
versity, Detroit, Michigan 48202
B. Lombard! (415), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pitts-
burgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15621
Walter Malorni (58), Laboratory of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma,
Italy
Sharon J. McGuinness (108), Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Uni-
versity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
Michael J. Meredith (258), Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon
Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201
D. A. G. Mickle (407), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Toronto Hospital,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4
Francesca Mirabelli (58), Department of Experimental Medicine, and Oncology, Insti-
tute of General Pathology, Universita Degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
Leon Moore (121), Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the
Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
Sidney D. Nelson (340), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington 98195
xvi Contributors
Pierluigi Nicotera (23), Department of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, S-104-01
Stockholm, Sweden
Anna-Liisa Nieminen (438), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Laboratories for
Cell Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599
Alistair Nunn (228), Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Ham-
mersmith Hospital, London, England
Michael J. Olson (152), Biomedical Science Department, General Motors Corporation,
ΝΑΟ Research and Development Center, Warren, Michigan 48090
Stan Orrenius (23), Department of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, S-104-01 Stock-
holm, Sweden
Youngja Park (140), Department of Biochemistry, and Winship Cancer Center, Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Chris I. Pogson (248), Biochemical Sciences, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Becken-
ham, Kent BR3 3BS, United Kingdom
Kurt Randerath (201 ), Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Hous-
ton, Texas 77030
Richard O. Recknagel1 (400), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of
Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
M. Vijayaraj Reddy (201), Environmental and Health Sciences Laboratory, Mobil Oil
Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
Jeffrey M. Reece (438), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Laboratories for Cell
Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina 27599
Donald J. Reed (421), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Environmental
Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Zbigniew Rymaszewski (164), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincin-
nati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
Rick G. Schnellmann (128), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of
Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
Stephen B. Shears (328), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709
Hilary V. Sheevers (108), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
Ν. H. Stacey (50), Research and Scientific Division, National Occupational Health and
Safety Commission, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2001, Australia
Andrew P. Thomas (287), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
deceased.
Contributors Xyjj
Benjamin F. Trump ( 1 ), Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of
Medicine and Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems, Baltimore,
Maryland 21201
Fulvio Ursini (384), Department of Chemistry, School of Food Science, University of
Udine, 1-34100 Udine, Italy
Mariapia Vairetti (58), Second Institute of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Martin Vanderlaan (178), Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Liv-
ermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California 94551
Alison A. Welder (46), Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics, Col-
lege of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73190
Vincent L. Wilson (216), Molecular Genetics/Oncology, The Children's Hospital, Uni-
versity of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80218
Andrew H. Wyllie (228), Department of Pathology, CRC Laboratories, University of Ed-
inburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
Tak Yee Aw (140), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Louisiana State University
Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130
Glen B. Zamansky (81), Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
Preface
In vitro technology has advanced so rapidly in recent years that now such tech-
nology is an accepted and valued research option for solving toxicological prob-
lems. Volume 1 A, the inaugural volume in the Methods in Toxicology series, is a
compilation of in vitro biological systems that are valuable tools for toxicolo-
gists in the field. Volume IB is the sequel, covering toxicity indicators for use in
conjunction with such in vitro systems, primarily for detecting and investigating
cytotoxic injury.
In Volume IB we have departed slightly from the format used in 1A. Section I,
Perspectives, consists of three chapters instead of the usual, single introductory
chapter to the volume. These Perspectives chapters were written by recognized
authorities in the field to provide overviews of toxicity mechanisms that are of
current interest to many researchers. The main goal of these chapters is to stim-
ulate thought and provide a framework of reference for the toxicologist in for-
mulating a hypothesis and designing experiments for the research problem at
hand.
The remaining chapters describe diverse methods for detecting and monitor-
ing critical events within cells that can occur as a result of a cytotoxic chal-
lenge. The chapters are arranged in the following sections based on sites of
probable cytotoxicant action and types of response: Section II, Membrane In-
tegrity and Function; Section III, Energy Metabolism; Section IV, DNA-Related
Indices; Section V, Functional Indices; Section VI, Biochemical Indices; and Sec-
tion VII, Lipid Peroxidation. Section VIII covers several specialized techniques
that are also of interest and value but do not fall into the other categories.
In general, the chapters in Sections II through VIII review methods available
for mechanistic studies and screening tests using in vitro systems and offer guid-
ance on their selection. The chapters themselves vary in content. Some chapters
are essentially reviews in cases where the choice of available indicators is the
central issue (e.g., fluorescent indicators) and guidance for the reader is needed
while others chapters address cases where the methods have already been well
described and updated material and a theoretical treatment were considered to
be of most value (e.g., chemiluminescence). Other chapters follow the tradi-
xix